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2 Principles of Disease > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

branch of medicine that investigates disease, especially structural and functional changes in body tissues and organs that causes or are caused by disease

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2
Q

Biological organization

A

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

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3
Q

Clinical pathology

A

refers to pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis

we need to understand what is being measured, not how to perform

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4
Q

pathogensis

A

cellular events, reactions, and other pathologic mechanisms that occur during development of disease.

Ex: AIDS, HIV causes, how it opens up a cell. We know a lot about this disease

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5
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of a disease or abnormal condition or the study of factors that lead to a disease

more general. less understood disease. precursor to pathogenesis. Risk factors can be studied

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6
Q

Risk factor

A

variable associated with an increased risk if a disease or condition

environmental, behavioral, biologic factor. if present directly increases the probability of disease occurring. part of the causal chain

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7
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

characteristics that can be changed or controlled as the result of an intervention. Possible changes

ex: smoking, alcohol intake, exercise trends

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8
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

variables that cannot be changed

ex: age, gender, family history, race

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9
Q

Dictionary definition of health

A

disease-free state or condition
ability of an individual to function normally in society

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10
Q

WHO definition of health

A

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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11
Q

Better definition of health

A

continuum between wellness (optimal level or function) and illness (results in possible death)

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial model of health

A

an individuals psychological make-up interacts with biological and environmental factors

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13
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

all illness explained based on disruption of normal anatomy and physiology, independent of psychologic, social, spiritual influence

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14
Q

Biopsychosocial-spiritual model of health

A

includes recognition that spiritual support is involved in health

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15
Q

Social-ecologic model of health

A

describes multiple levels including larger community that influences an individuals health

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16
Q

Variations in client populations

A

chronic diseases
geographic
race/ethnicity
age
sex/gender
cultural differences
socioeconomic status
epigenetics

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17
Q

Illness

A

opposite of wellness
sickness or deviation from a healthy state
perception and response of the person to not being well

includes disturbances in biologic function
personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease

a person can feel ill without obvious pathologic processes

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18
Q

Disease

A

refers to biological or psychological alteration that results in malfunction of a body organ or system.

usually there is objective data that supports it.

disease can occur w/out the individual being aware of illness or without others seeing the difference

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19
Q

Acute condition

A

illness or disease that has relatively rapid onset and short duration

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20
Q

Chronic condition

A

illness or disease that includes one or more of the following characteristics:
1. permanent impairment or disability
2. residual physical or cognitive disability
3. need for special rehab or long term medical management

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21
Q

Natural history

A

how a disease or condition progresses over time, not always clear

must develop a plan of care with knowing how the condition progresses over time.

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22
Q

Self-limiting

A

disease or condition that either resolves on its own or which has no long-term harmful effect on persons health

medical interventions that can help

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23
Q

Diagnosis

A

Dx
process of assigning a name to an individual’s diease or condition

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24
Q

Syndrome

A

cluster of findings, signs/symptoms, associated with disease/health condition

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25
Symptoms
evidence of disease perceived by the individual. Subjective pain, aching, fatigue, nausea, malaise
26
Signs
physical observations made by the individual examining the patient. Objective. fever, rash, edema, lab tests
27
Numeric pain scale
subjective to the individual
28
MMT
subjective to the tester
29
Mortality rate
number of people dying in a given period of time within a particular population, usually from a particular disease or condition
30
Morbidity rate
number of cases of a particular disease or condition occurring within a given period of time, per a specified population unit also can refer to percentage of people who have complications after a procedure or treatment can refer to incidence rate or prevalence rate of disease
31
Incidence
number of new cases of a disease or condition over a particular period of time
32
Prevalence
number of all new and old cases of a disease or condition at one point in time
33
Prognosis
expected outcome of a disease, natural history of disease
34
Causes of disease
genetic, congenital, physical injury, injury due to drugs or environmental agents, microbes
35
Types of disease
cardiovascular/pulmonary, immunologic, metabolic, endocrine, neoplastic
36
Hereditary diseases
genetic diseases caused by an abnormal genes or chromosomes
37
Monogenic diseases
single gene disease autosomal or sex-linked, or x-liked. Carried on the x-chromosome can be dominant or recessive women are usually carriers, men are the ones affected Duchenne muscular dystrophy, huntington's disease
38
Polygenic disorders
multigene disorder or known as multifactorial disorders develop from the interaction of several genes with multiple environmental factors no clear cut inheritance patterns heart disease, diabetes, cancer, gout, alzheimer, obesity, etc
39
With polygenic diseases, don't forget...
the role of genes and environmental factors
40
Gout
metabolic disorder resulting in high serum uric acid and deposition of urate crystals in joints, soft tissue, and kidneys painful, can't walk, red, warm, most common in the big toe. Cysts
41
Chromosomal diseases
genetic diseases caused by a defective, missing, or additional chromosome. Nothing can change these diseases
42
Aneuploidy
type of chromsomal diseases, alteration in normal number of chromosomes
43
Autosomal aneuploidy
Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
44
Sex chromsone Aneuploidy
turner syndrome: absence of x chromosome klinefelter: extra X chromosome
45
Deletions of portions of chromosomes
type of chromosomal diseases Cri-du-chat syndrome: deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromsome 5.
46
Inversions
reversal of order of nucleic acids
47
Translocations
interchanging of genetic material between nonhomologous pair of chromosomes
48
Fragile Sites
gaps and breaks in the chromosomes Fragile X syndrome
49
Congenital diseases
diseases that occur as a result of occurrences during development and are present at birth, but may or may not have a hereditary cause. fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy
50
Embryonic anomalies
type of congenital diseases malformations of body or organ structure occurring during the 1st 8 weeks of gestation unknown is the biggest cause, 25% is hereditary
51
Tetralogy of Fallot
hole between heart ventricles and a misplaced aorta, allowing deoygenated blood to flow from right side of heart to left and then to periphery
52
Spina bifida
lack of folic acid defect in bony structure in lumbar vertebrae, allowing an outpouching of meninges, spinal cord, and CSF
53
Congenital disease examples
Erythroblastosis fetalis Congenital syphilis Fetal alcohol syndrome cerebral palsy tetralogy fallot
54
Genetic diseases types
monogenic polygenic chromosomal
55
Chromosomal Diseases types
Autosomal aneuploidy Sex chromosome aneuploidy deletions of portions of chromsomes inversions translocations fragile sites
56
Diseases caused by physical injury
mechanical injury may damage tissue to the extent that it no longer functions can also be a predisposing factor of nontraumatic disease accidents, violence, burns
57
Adverse drug reactions
anapylaxis is most severe ADR not the same as side effects
58
Diseases caused by environmental agents
carbon monoxide lead poisoning cigarette smoke
59
Normal flora
microorganisms living on skin or in alimentary tract that do not produce illness and may provide some benefit to the individual
60
Pathogens
microorganisms that produce disease when they gain entrance into the host natural defense mechanisms: epithelium, inflammatory, immune
61
Viral infections
caused by proliferating within cells and takes over metabolic machinery of the host cell and uses it for own survival and replication pathogens bypass most defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly
62
Fungi
enjoys warm, moist environments plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll and feed on dead/decomposing very opportunistic
63
Mycoses
fungal infections systemic = histoplasmosis, breathing in fungus enriched particles
64
Endemic regions
contained to specific geographical area, or amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community
65
Sporadic
diseases that occurs infrequently and irregularly. small and located
66
Epidemic
sudden increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
67
Pandemic
an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting large number of people
68
Candidiasis
overgrowth of healthy fungus in immunocompromised flora ex: oral thrush, diaper rash
69
Tinea
fungal skin infection. not a genus very common, but usually not serious treatment = antifungal medications, foot and fingernails need oral antibiotics
70
Tinea pedis
athletes foot. most common. given by contact, indirect or direct. Starts between 4th and 5th digit
71
TInea corporis
ringworm, highly contagious. transmitted from cat and owner, wrestling, humid areas. all types of microbes
72
Tinea unguium
fingernails, can't get it from touching
73
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of arteries due to plaque deposits in the intimal lining. most common cause of death in USA complications include thrombosis, embolism, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
74
Thrombosis
blood clot. localized and stuck
75
Embolism
mobilized clot, can cause heart attack, stroke
76
Angina pectoris
chest pain associated with coronary ischemia or injury
77
Myocardial infarction
lack of blood flow to heart, causing heart attack
78
Types of valvular disease
stenosis: narrowing insufficiency: doesn't close all the way
79
Causes of valvular disease
congenital, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis
80
Neoplasm
new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumor
81
Hyperplasia
increase in number of normal cells in normal arrangement (ie body adapting to friction, like callus)
82
Neoplasia
increase in number of genetically abnormal cells that proliferate in non-physiological manner
83
Hypertrophy
enlargement of an organ due to increased size of constituent cells. Skeletal muscle response to resistance training
84
Benign neoplasm
single masses of cells that remain localized at their site of origin and limited in growth have well-defined borders do not metastasize
85
Malignant neoplasm
cancerous have the potential to invade and metastasize natural history varies by type
86
Metastasis
movement of cancerous cells via blood or lymph to a new distant site
87
Grading
histologic differentiation of cancer tissue refers to degree of resemblance of the cancerous tissue to the tissue of origin. Higher grades spread more rapidly
88
Staging
refers to degree of spread. "how far the cancer has spread" Vary on type of cancer, usually stages 1-4

2 Principles of Disease (7 decks)

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