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2 Principles of Disease > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

branch of medicine that investigates disease, especially structural and functional changes in body tissues and organs that causes or are caused by disease

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2
Q

Biological organization

A

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

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3
Q

Clinical pathology

A

refers to pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis

we need to understand what is being measured, not how to perform

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4
Q

pathogensis

A

cellular events, reactions, and other pathologic mechanisms that occur during development of disease.

Ex: AIDS, HIV causes, how it opens up a cell. We know a lot about this disease

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5
Q

Etiology

A

the cause of a disease or abnormal condition or the study of factors that lead to a disease

more general. less understood disease. precursor to pathogenesis. Risk factors can be studied

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6
Q

Risk factor

A

variable associated with an increased risk if a disease or condition

environmental, behavioral, biologic factor. if present directly increases the probability of disease occurring. part of the causal chain

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7
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

characteristics that can be changed or controlled as the result of an intervention. Possible changes

ex: smoking, alcohol intake, exercise trends

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8
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

variables that cannot be changed

ex: age, gender, family history, race

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9
Q

Dictionary definition of health

A

disease-free state or condition
ability of an individual to function normally in society

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10
Q

WHO definition of health

A

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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11
Q

Better definition of health

A

continuum between wellness (optimal level or function) and illness (results in possible death)

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial model of health

A

an individuals psychological make-up interacts with biological and environmental factors

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13
Q

Biomedical model of health

A

all illness explained based on disruption of normal anatomy and physiology, independent of psychologic, social, spiritual influence

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14
Q

Biopsychosocial-spiritual model of health

A

includes recognition that spiritual support is involved in health

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15
Q

Social-ecologic model of health

A

describes multiple levels including larger community that influences an individuals health

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16
Q

Variations in client populations

A

chronic diseases
geographic
race/ethnicity
age
sex/gender
cultural differences
socioeconomic status
epigenetics

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17
Q

Illness

A

opposite of wellness
sickness or deviation from a healthy state
perception and response of the person to not being well

includes disturbances in biologic function
personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease

a person can feel ill without obvious pathologic processes

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18
Q

Disease

A

refers to biological or psychological alteration that results in malfunction of a body organ or system.

usually there is objective data that supports it.

disease can occur w/out the individual being aware of illness or without others seeing the difference

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19
Q

Acute condition

A

illness or disease that has relatively rapid onset and short duration

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20
Q

Chronic condition

A

illness or disease that includes one or more of the following characteristics:
1. permanent impairment or disability
2. residual physical or cognitive disability
3. need for special rehab or long term medical management

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21
Q

Natural history

A

how a disease or condition progresses over time, not always clear

must develop a plan of care with knowing how the condition progresses over time.

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22
Q

Self-limiting

A

disease or condition that either resolves on its own or which has no long-term harmful effect on persons health

medical interventions that can help

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23
Q

Diagnosis

A

Dx
process of assigning a name to an individual’s diease or condition

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24
Q

Syndrome

A

cluster of findings, signs/symptoms, associated with disease/health condition

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25
Q

Symptoms

A

evidence of disease perceived by the individual. Subjective
pain, aching, fatigue, nausea, malaise

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26
Q

Signs

A

physical observations made by the individual examining the patient. Objective.
fever, rash, edema, lab tests

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27
Q

Numeric pain scale

A

subjective to the individual

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28
Q

MMT

A

subjective to the tester

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29
Q

Mortality rate

A

number of people dying in a given period of time within a particular population, usually from a particular disease or condition

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30
Q

Morbidity rate

A

number of cases of a particular disease or condition occurring within a given period of time, per a specified population unit

also can refer to percentage of people who have complications after a procedure or treatment

can refer to incidence rate or prevalence rate of disease

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31
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease or condition over a particular period of time

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32
Q

Prevalence

A

number of all new and old cases of a disease or condition at one point in time

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33
Q

Prognosis

A

expected outcome of a disease, natural history of disease

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34
Q

Causes of disease

A

genetic, congenital, physical injury, injury due to drugs or environmental agents, microbes

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35
Q

Types of disease

A

cardiovascular/pulmonary, immunologic, metabolic, endocrine, neoplastic

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36
Q

Hereditary diseases

A

genetic diseases caused by an abnormal genes or chromosomes

37
Q

Monogenic diseases

A

single gene disease
autosomal or sex-linked, or x-liked. Carried on the x-chromosome
can be dominant or recessive

women are usually carriers, men are the ones affected

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, huntington’s disease

38
Q

Polygenic disorders

A

multigene disorder or known as multifactorial disorders

develop from the interaction of several genes with multiple environmental factors

no clear cut inheritance patterns

heart disease, diabetes, cancer, gout, alzheimer, obesity, etc

39
Q

With polygenic diseases, don’t forget…

A

the role of genes and environmental factors

40
Q

Gout

A

metabolic disorder resulting in high serum uric acid and deposition of urate crystals in joints, soft tissue, and kidneys

painful, can’t walk, red, warm, most common in the big toe. Cysts

41
Q

Chromosomal diseases

A

genetic diseases caused by a defective, missing, or additional chromosome. Nothing can change these diseases

42
Q

Aneuploidy

A

type of chromsomal diseases, alteration in normal number of chromosomes

43
Q

Autosomal aneuploidy

A

Trisomy 21/Down syndrome

44
Q

Sex chromsone Aneuploidy

A

turner syndrome: absence of x chromosome
klinefelter: extra X chromosome

45
Q

Deletions of portions of chromosomes

A

type of chromosomal diseases
Cri-du-chat syndrome: deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromsome 5.

46
Q

Inversions

A

reversal of order of nucleic acids

47
Q

Translocations

A

interchanging of genetic material between nonhomologous pair of chromosomes

48
Q

Fragile Sites

A

gaps and breaks in the chromosomes
Fragile X syndrome

49
Q

Congenital diseases

A

diseases that occur as a result of occurrences during development and are present at birth, but may or may not have a hereditary cause.

fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy

50
Q

Embryonic anomalies

A

type of congenital diseases
malformations of body or organ structure occurring during the 1st 8 weeks of gestation

unknown is the biggest cause, 25% is hereditary

51
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

hole between heart ventricles and a misplaced aorta, allowing deoygenated blood to flow from right side of heart to left and then to periphery

52
Q

Spina bifida

A

lack of folic acid
defect in bony structure in lumbar vertebrae, allowing an outpouching of meninges, spinal cord, and CSF

53
Q

Congenital disease examples

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis
Congenital syphilis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
cerebral palsy
tetralogy fallot

54
Q

Genetic diseases types

A

monogenic
polygenic
chromosomal

55
Q

Chromosomal Diseases types

A

Autosomal aneuploidy
Sex chromosome aneuploidy
deletions of portions of chromsomes
inversions
translocations
fragile sites

56
Q

Diseases caused by physical injury

A

mechanical injury may damage tissue to the extent that it no longer functions
can also be a predisposing factor of nontraumatic disease

accidents, violence, burns

57
Q

Adverse drug reactions

A

anapylaxis is most severe ADR
not the same as side effects

58
Q

Diseases caused by environmental agents

A

carbon monoxide
lead poisoning
cigarette smoke

59
Q

Normal flora

A

microorganisms living on skin or in alimentary tract that do not produce illness and may provide some benefit to the individual

60
Q

Pathogens

A

microorganisms that produce disease when they gain entrance into the host

natural defense mechanisms: epithelium, inflammatory, immune

61
Q

Viral infections

A

caused by proliferating within cells and takes over metabolic machinery of the host cell and uses it for own survival and replication

pathogens bypass most defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly

62
Q

Fungi

A

enjoys warm, moist environments
plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll and feed on dead/decomposing
very opportunistic

63
Q

Mycoses

A

fungal infections
systemic = histoplasmosis, breathing in fungus enriched particles

64
Q

Endemic regions

A

contained to specific geographical area, or amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community

65
Q

Sporadic

A

diseases that occurs infrequently and irregularly. small and located

66
Q

Epidemic

A

sudden increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

67
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting large number of people

68
Q

Candidiasis

A

overgrowth of healthy fungus in immunocompromised flora
ex: oral thrush, diaper rash

69
Q

Tinea

A

fungal skin infection. not a genus
very common, but usually not serious

treatment = antifungal medications, foot and fingernails need oral antibiotics

70
Q

Tinea pedis

A

athletes foot. most common. given by contact, indirect or direct. Starts between 4th and 5th digit

71
Q

TInea corporis

A

ringworm, highly contagious. transmitted from cat and owner, wrestling, humid areas. all types of microbes

72
Q

Tinea unguium

A

fingernails, can’t get it from touching

73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of arteries due to plaque deposits in the intimal lining. most common cause of death in USA

complications include thrombosis, embolism, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction

74
Q

Thrombosis

A

blood clot. localized and stuck

75
Q

Embolism

A

mobilized clot, can cause heart attack, stroke

76
Q

Angina pectoris

A

chest pain associated with coronary ischemia or injury

77
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

lack of blood flow to heart, causing heart attack

78
Q

Types of valvular disease

A

stenosis: narrowing
insufficiency: doesn’t close all the way

79
Q

Causes of valvular disease

A

congenital, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis

80
Q

Neoplasm

A

new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumor

81
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of normal cells in normal arrangement (ie body adapting to friction, like callus)

82
Q

Neoplasia

A

increase in number of genetically abnormal cells that proliferate in non-physiological manner

83
Q

Hypertrophy

A

enlargement of an organ due to increased size of constituent cells. Skeletal muscle response to resistance training

84
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

single masses of cells that remain localized at their site of origin and limited in growth
have well-defined borders
do not metastasize

85
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

cancerous
have the potential to invade and metastasize
natural history varies by type

86
Q

Metastasis

A

movement of cancerous cells via blood or lymph to a new distant site

87
Q

Grading

A

histologic differentiation of cancer tissue
refers to degree of resemblance of the cancerous tissue to the tissue of origin. Higher grades spread more rapidly

88
Q

Staging

A

refers to degree of spread. “how far the cancer has spread”
Vary on type of cancer, usually stages 1-4

2 Principles of Disease (7 decks)

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