Lecture 1 Flashcards
Pathology
branch of medicine that investigates disease, especially structural and functional changes in body tissues and organs that causes or are caused by disease
Biological organization
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Clinical pathology
refers to pathology applied to the solution of clinical problems, especially use of lab methods in clinical diagnosis
we need to understand what is being measured, not how to perform
pathogensis
cellular events, reactions, and other pathologic mechanisms that occur during development of disease.
Ex: AIDS, HIV causes, how it opens up a cell. We know a lot about this disease
Etiology
the cause of a disease or abnormal condition or the study of factors that lead to a disease
more general. less understood disease. precursor to pathogenesis. Risk factors can be studied
Risk factor
variable associated with an increased risk if a disease or condition
environmental, behavioral, biologic factor. if present directly increases the probability of disease occurring. part of the causal chain
Modifiable risk factors
characteristics that can be changed or controlled as the result of an intervention. Possible changes
ex: smoking, alcohol intake, exercise trends
Non-modifiable risk factors
variables that cannot be changed
ex: age, gender, family history, race
Dictionary definition of health
disease-free state or condition
ability of an individual to function normally in society
WHO definition of health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Better definition of health
continuum between wellness (optimal level or function) and illness (results in possible death)
Biopsychosocial model of health
an individuals psychological make-up interacts with biological and environmental factors
Biomedical model of health
all illness explained based on disruption of normal anatomy and physiology, independent of psychologic, social, spiritual influence
Biopsychosocial-spiritual model of health
includes recognition that spiritual support is involved in health
Social-ecologic model of health
describes multiple levels including larger community that influences an individuals health
Variations in client populations
chronic diseases
geographic
race/ethnicity
age
sex/gender
cultural differences
socioeconomic status
epigenetics
Illness
opposite of wellness
sickness or deviation from a healthy state
perception and response of the person to not being well
includes disturbances in biologic function
personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease
a person can feel ill without obvious pathologic processes
Disease
refers to biological or psychological alteration that results in malfunction of a body organ or system.
usually there is objective data that supports it.
disease can occur w/out the individual being aware of illness or without others seeing the difference
Acute condition
illness or disease that has relatively rapid onset and short duration
Chronic condition
illness or disease that includes one or more of the following characteristics:
1. permanent impairment or disability
2. residual physical or cognitive disability
3. need for special rehab or long term medical management
Natural history
how a disease or condition progresses over time, not always clear
must develop a plan of care with knowing how the condition progresses over time.
Self-limiting
disease or condition that either resolves on its own or which has no long-term harmful effect on persons health
medical interventions that can help
Diagnosis
Dx
process of assigning a name to an individual’s diease or condition
Syndrome
cluster of findings, signs/symptoms, associated with disease/health condition
Symptoms
evidence of disease perceived by the individual. Subjective
pain, aching, fatigue, nausea, malaise
Signs
physical observations made by the individual examining the patient. Objective.
fever, rash, edema, lab tests
Numeric pain scale
subjective to the individual
MMT
subjective to the tester
Mortality rate
number of people dying in a given period of time within a particular population, usually from a particular disease or condition
Morbidity rate
number of cases of a particular disease or condition occurring within a given period of time, per a specified population unit
also can refer to percentage of people who have complications after a procedure or treatment
can refer to incidence rate or prevalence rate of disease
Incidence
number of new cases of a disease or condition over a particular period of time
Prevalence
number of all new and old cases of a disease or condition at one point in time
Prognosis
expected outcome of a disease, natural history of disease
Causes of disease
genetic, congenital, physical injury, injury due to drugs or environmental agents, microbes
Types of disease
cardiovascular/pulmonary, immunologic, metabolic, endocrine, neoplastic
Hereditary diseases
genetic diseases caused by an abnormal genes or chromosomes
Monogenic diseases
single gene disease
autosomal or sex-linked, or x-liked. Carried on the x-chromosome
can be dominant or recessive
women are usually carriers, men are the ones affected
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, huntington’s disease
Polygenic disorders
multigene disorder or known as multifactorial disorders
develop from the interaction of several genes with multiple environmental factors
no clear cut inheritance patterns
heart disease, diabetes, cancer, gout, alzheimer, obesity, etc
With polygenic diseases, don’t forget…
the role of genes and environmental factors
Gout
metabolic disorder resulting in high serum uric acid and deposition of urate crystals in joints, soft tissue, and kidneys
painful, can’t walk, red, warm, most common in the big toe. Cysts
Chromosomal diseases
genetic diseases caused by a defective, missing, or additional chromosome. Nothing can change these diseases
Aneuploidy
type of chromsomal diseases, alteration in normal number of chromosomes
Autosomal aneuploidy
Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
Sex chromsone Aneuploidy
turner syndrome: absence of x chromosome
klinefelter: extra X chromosome
Deletions of portions of chromosomes
type of chromosomal diseases
Cri-du-chat syndrome: deletion of a portion of the short arm of chromsome 5.
Inversions
reversal of order of nucleic acids
Translocations
interchanging of genetic material between nonhomologous pair of chromosomes
Fragile Sites
gaps and breaks in the chromosomes
Fragile X syndrome
Congenital diseases
diseases that occur as a result of occurrences during development and are present at birth, but may or may not have a hereditary cause.
fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy
Embryonic anomalies
type of congenital diseases
malformations of body or organ structure occurring during the 1st 8 weeks of gestation
unknown is the biggest cause, 25% is hereditary
Tetralogy of Fallot
hole between heart ventricles and a misplaced aorta, allowing deoygenated blood to flow from right side of heart to left and then to periphery
Spina bifida
lack of folic acid
defect in bony structure in lumbar vertebrae, allowing an outpouching of meninges, spinal cord, and CSF
Congenital disease examples
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Congenital syphilis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
cerebral palsy
tetralogy fallot
Genetic diseases types
monogenic
polygenic
chromosomal
Chromosomal Diseases types
Autosomal aneuploidy
Sex chromosome aneuploidy
deletions of portions of chromsomes
inversions
translocations
fragile sites
Diseases caused by physical injury
mechanical injury may damage tissue to the extent that it no longer functions
can also be a predisposing factor of nontraumatic disease
accidents, violence, burns
Adverse drug reactions
anapylaxis is most severe ADR
not the same as side effects
Diseases caused by environmental agents
carbon monoxide
lead poisoning
cigarette smoke
Normal flora
microorganisms living on skin or in alimentary tract that do not produce illness and may provide some benefit to the individual
Pathogens
microorganisms that produce disease when they gain entrance into the host
natural defense mechanisms: epithelium, inflammatory, immune
Viral infections
caused by proliferating within cells and takes over metabolic machinery of the host cell and uses it for own survival and replication
pathogens bypass most defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly
Fungi
enjoys warm, moist environments
plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll and feed on dead/decomposing
very opportunistic
Mycoses
fungal infections
systemic = histoplasmosis, breathing in fungus enriched particles
Endemic regions
contained to specific geographical area, or amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community
Sporadic
diseases that occurs infrequently and irregularly. small and located
Epidemic
sudden increase in number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
Pandemic
an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, affecting large number of people
Candidiasis
overgrowth of healthy fungus in immunocompromised flora
ex: oral thrush, diaper rash
Tinea
fungal skin infection. not a genus
very common, but usually not serious
treatment = antifungal medications, foot and fingernails need oral antibiotics
Tinea pedis
athletes foot. most common. given by contact, indirect or direct. Starts between 4th and 5th digit
TInea corporis
ringworm, highly contagious. transmitted from cat and owner, wrestling, humid areas. all types of microbes
Tinea unguium
fingernails, can’t get it from touching
Atherosclerosis
narrowing of arteries due to plaque deposits in the intimal lining. most common cause of death in USA
complications include thrombosis, embolism, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
Thrombosis
blood clot. localized and stuck
Embolism
mobilized clot, can cause heart attack, stroke
Angina pectoris
chest pain associated with coronary ischemia or injury
Myocardial infarction
lack of blood flow to heart, causing heart attack
Types of valvular disease
stenosis: narrowing
insufficiency: doesn’t close all the way
Causes of valvular disease
congenital, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis
Neoplasm
new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive. Tumor
Hyperplasia
increase in number of normal cells in normal arrangement (ie body adapting to friction, like callus)
Neoplasia
increase in number of genetically abnormal cells that proliferate in non-physiological manner
Hypertrophy
enlargement of an organ due to increased size of constituent cells. Skeletal muscle response to resistance training
Benign neoplasm
single masses of cells that remain localized at their site of origin and limited in growth
have well-defined borders
do not metastasize
Malignant neoplasm
cancerous
have the potential to invade and metastasize
natural history varies by type
Metastasis
movement of cancerous cells via blood or lymph to a new distant site
Grading
histologic differentiation of cancer tissue
refers to degree of resemblance of the cancerous tissue to the tissue of origin. Higher grades spread more rapidly
Staging
refers to degree of spread. “how far the cancer has spread”
Vary on type of cancer, usually stages 1-4
