Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dosage Forms 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous molecular dispersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Emulsion

A

Oil in water, water in oil, looks like bubbles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Suspension

A

Solid in water or oil, looks like dirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Solution dosage form examples

A

Injectables, nasal solutions, opthalmic solutions, otic solutions, irrigation solutions, enemas, douches, gargles, mouthwashes, juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Advantages of solution dosage forms

A

Homogeneous no problems of content uniformity, easy to manufacture, good bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of solution dosage forms

A

Active ingredient = drug
Solvent = water, vegetable oils
Cosolvent = ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol
Buffering agent
Preservative
Antioxidant, chelating agent
Flavor and sweetener = sucrose, sorbitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Buffer

A

Solution of weak acid and salt of its conjugate base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Weak acid removes

A

added base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Salt removes

A

added acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Henderson hasselbalch equation

A

ph=pka + log A-/HA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Buffering capacity

A

Ability of a buffer to resist a change in pH due to added OH or H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Van slyke equation

A

b=2.3C ka[H3O]/Ka+[H3O]^2
C = total buffer concentration
Max when pH=pka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Selection of pH

A

Use pH that provides maximum stability for drug
Minimize irritation with parenteral, opthalmic, or nasal dosage forms by adjusting to be the same pH of body fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pH of blood, interstitial fluid, and tears

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Other ways to minimize buffering capacity besides pH

A

Minimize volume, administer slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antimicrobial preservative purpose

A

protect patient from pathogens
maintain potency and stability of dosage forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antimicrobial preservative mechanism of action

A

Preservatives adsorb to bacterial membrane and disrupt it. Bacterial membrane is lipophilic and has a net negative surface charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adsorption due to lipid solubility

A

alcohols, acids, esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Adsorption due to electrostatic attraction

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ampules allowed bacterial content

A

Must be sterile, single dose, no preservative needed

21
Q

Multiple dose vial allowed bacterial content

A

must be sterile, may contain 10 doses, need a preservative to kill microorganisms introduced during use

22
Q

Opthalmic solution allowed bacterial content

A

must be sterile, must contain a preservative if packaged in multiple dose container

23
Q

Oral liquid allowed bacterial content

A

need not be sterile but should not contain pathogens. FDA limits number of organisms to be less than 100 per mL, need preservative for multiple dose packages

24
Q

Oral solids allowed bacterial content

A

Less likely to carry bacterial than liquid forms, test raw materials to be sure manufacturing facility is clean

25
Q

Ideal preservatives

A

effective in low concentrations against a wide variety of organisms
soluble in formulation
non toxic
stable

26
Q

Pharmaceutical preservatives

A

Alcohols, acids, esters of p hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens), quaternary ammonium compounds

27
Q

Alcohols

A

Ethanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol

28
Q

Ethanol

A

requires greater than 15% limited to oral products, may be lost due to volatility

29
Q

Benzyl alcohol

A

Local anaesthetic action, burning taste (not use orally), water soluble, stable over wide pH range, widely used in parenterals

30
Q

Chlorobutanol

A

Campor like odor and taste, not used orally, used in parenterals and Opthalmics, volatile, lost through rubber stoppers and plastic containers

31
Q

Acids

A

only active in unionized lipid soluble form

32
Q

benzoic acid

A

pka 4.3, used in oral products

33
Q

Sorbic acid

A

pka 4.8, used in oral products, excellent in molds and yeast

34
Q

Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens)

A

Widely used orally, hydrolyze rapidly at pH values above 7, anesthetize tongue
Low solubility is problem, causes skin sensitization when used in dermatological products

35
Q

Propyl paraben and butyl paraben

A

Most lipophilic esters, best against mold and yeast

36
Q

Methyl paraben and ethyl paraben

A

Lease lipophilic esters, best against bacteria

37
Q

Quaternary ammonium compounds

A

Benzalkonium chloride (zephirin), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (cepryn), widely used in opthallmics, water soluble and fast killing, incompatibility issues due to positive charge

38
Q

pH affect on preservative action

A

Only unionized species of weak acids are effective as preservative, add more total weak acid when pH is above pka to have effective concentration of unionized species

39
Q

Complex formation effect on preservative action

A

Only uncomplexed free preservative is active

40
Q

Adsorption by solids effect on preservative action

A

only the unadsorbed preservative is active

41
Q

Chemical stability effect on preservative action

A

Consider the shelf life

42
Q

Antioxidants

A

Drug substances that are less stable in aqueous media than in solid dosage forms, reactions may occur from ingredient-ingredient interactions/container product interactions

43
Q

Oxidation

A

Main degradation pathway of pharmaceuticals, initiated by heat, light, peroxides, metals (copper or iron)

44
Q

Auto-oxidation

A

automatic reaction with oxygen without drastic external interference

45
Q

Free radical scavengers

A

retard, delay oxidation by rapidly reacting with free radicals

46
Q

Examples of free radical scavengers

A

Propyl, octyl, dodecyl esters of gallic acid, BHA, BHT, tocopherols, Vitamin E

47
Q

Reducing agents

A

Have lower redox potentials than drug, more readily oxidized

48
Q

Examples of reducing agents

A

Sodium bisulfite, ascorbic acid, thiols

49
Q

Chelating agents

A

Antioxidant synergists, little antioxidant effects, remove trace metals like citric acid, EDTA

Dosage Forms 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions