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My anatomy Cards > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is coronal plane

A

Devides the body to anterior and posterior sides

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2
Q

what is sagittal plane

A

Divides the body to left and right parts and if its through the mid line its called mid sagittal plane

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3
Q

what is transverse or horizontal or axial plane

A

Divide the body into superior and inferior parts

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4
Q

what does anterior mean and posterior

A

anterior: ventral and posterior: dorsal

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5
Q

what does medial and lateral mean

A

medial: towards the midline and lateral : away from the midline

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6
Q

what does superior (cranial) and inferior (distal) mean

A

superior : towards the head and inferior : down from the head

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7
Q

what it terms to identify a position on the same limp

A

proximal and distal —–> proximal means near where the limp attaches to the body and distal means away from where the limp attaches to the body

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8
Q

what does Rostral mean

A

describe position of the head towards the nose

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9
Q

what does superficial and deep mean

A

describe the body in reference to the surface of the body

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10
Q

what is plain radiography

A

-X ray generated from a cathode ray tube directed towards the body and collimated on the area of photography
-the body reduces the energy of the xray
-air reduces the least
-fats more than air but less than h2o
bone reduces it the most
bone appears white
air appears dark

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11
Q

what is cartilage

A

its a connective tissue filled with extracellular fiber inside of its matrix which inside is cells localized in small cavities

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12
Q

what is the function of cartilage

A

support soft tissue
provide surface for articulating of bones like in the joints
enable development and movement of long bones

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13
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A

1- hyaline: most common it matrix contain moderate amount of collagen fiber ex; articular surfaces of bones
2- elastic-matrix: contain collagen fiber + elastic fiber ex: external ear
3- fibrocartilage : contain limited amount of cells and ground substance amidst a substantial amount
of collagen fibers (e.g. , intervertebral discs).
ALL OF THEM ARE NOURISHED BY DIFFUSION THEY DONT HAVE A BLOOD VESSLES OR LYMPHATIC OR NERVES

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14
Q

what is the definition of bone

A

Calcified living connective tissue forms the majority of the skeleton

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15
Q

what is the function of bone

A

support for the body
protection of vital organs
surface which muscle can act upon
contain blood reproducing cells ( Bone marrow )

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16
Q

what are the types of bones

A

compact (trabecular): the dense part of bone and covers spongy bones
Spongy( cancellous): the inner part of the bone and has spicules which contain bone marrow

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17
Q

classify bones according to shape

A

1- Long bones ( tubular) : humerus
2-short bones (cuboidal): bones of the wrist and ankles
3- flat bones( two compact bone surrounded by spongy bone ): sternum and ribs
4-irregular bones( bones with various shapes) : phalanges and carpals
5-seasomid bones or oval bones : knee bone

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18
Q

what is the periosteum

A

its what covers every bone except the bones of the joint and its a fibrous connective tissue that have the ability to for a new bone
feed outer layer if compact bone
has a lot of nerves like bones

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19
Q

what is the vasomotor fiber

A

it accompanies the artery which supply the periosteum with blood and its function is to regulate blood flow

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20
Q

how bone fracture is treated inside the body

A

Between the fracture margins a blood
clot is formed into which new vessels grow. A jel ly-l ike
matrix is formed, and further migration of collagenproducing cells occurs. On this soft tissue framework,
calcium hydroxyapatite is produced by osteoblasts and
forms insoluble crysta ls, and then bone matrix is laid
down. As more bone is produced, a callus can be
demonstrated forming across the fracture site

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21
Q

Avascular necrosis

A

its the death of a bone due to lose of blood supply either temporary or permanent loose
and its widely occuring in the femoral neck of elderly patients which causes loss of continuity of the cortical
medullary blood flow with loss of blood flow deep to the
retinacular fibers

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22
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

its the significant loss of mineral density of bone which can be from poor diet or premature ovulation failure or steroid usage or smoking

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23
Q

what are the types of bone marrow

A

there is red marrow and yellow marrow
Red marrow :myeloid tissue and turned to yellow marrow in the medulla of flat bones as we get older and its function is to make RBCs and WBCs and platlets
White marrow: make few WBCs and has stem cells

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24
Q

what are the types and function of stem cells

A

Hemopiotic stem cells which are responsible for RBC and WBC and platlets formation
and Mesenchymal stem cells which are responsible for Bone and cartilage and muscle formation

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25
Q

what are the types of joints

A

Synovial joints: where to bones meet together and are separated by a cavity
and solid joints where to skeletal elements meet together by connective tissue and there is no cavity
and cartilaginous joints: occur at the midline like the intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis

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26
Q

what is the joint

A

its when two skeletal elements come together

27
Q

what are the features of synovial joints

A

1- a layer of Hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surfaces
2- Joint capsule which consist of fibrous and synovial membranes
3-Articular discs

28
Q

synovial membrane

A

which consists of inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane
Inner synovial fluid: attach to margins of joint surface
and its highly vascular and produces by closing two sacs of synovial membrane synovial bursae and sheaths which reduce the friction of force on bones

29
Q

What is a fibrous membrane

A

Dens connective tissue surrounds and stabilize the bones
and may thicken to form a ligament which furthermore stabilize the joint

30
Q

What is the articulating disc

A

it’s in the area enclosed by the capsule or the synovial membrane
it consists of fibrocartilage and fat pads and tendons

31
Q

what is the function of an articular disc?

A

Absorb compression force
INC range of movement

32
Q

What is the function of fat pads inside the articular discs

A

Between synovial and capsule and allow large range of movement of joints

33
Q

what is the redundant region of Joints

A

its due the repetitive movement of joint between synovial and fibrous membranes and it allows large region of movement

34
Q

Type of joints according to shape

A

1- plane (flat) :Between tarsel bones
2- Hinge joint: elbow joint
3- Pivot joint:( between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
4-Bicondylar(2 sets of contact ): knee joint
5-Condylar joint

35
Q

Type of joints according to shape
( PHPC BBS )

A

1- plane (flat) :Between tarsel bones
2- Hinge joint: elbow joint
3- Pivot joint:( between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
4-Bicondylar(2 sets of contact ): knee joint
5-Condylar joint ( ellipsoid) :between metacarpal and phalnges of hand
6-Saddle :between carpals and metacarpals
7_ ball and socket: shoulder joint

36
Q

what are the types of solid joints
(SGS)

A

Surtur: only in the skull and linked by thin layer called surtural ligament
Gomphoses :between teeth and adjacent bones
(short collagen fiber in periodontal ligament between the root of the tooth and the bone socket)
Syndesmoses:two bone linked together by ligament like radius and ulna

37
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses: where two ossification center in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage
Symphysis: 2 separate bones are connected by cartilage

38
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses: where two ossification center in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage
Symphysis: 2 separate bones are connected by cartilage

38
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses: where two ossification center in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage
Symphysis: 2 separate bones are connected by cartilage

39
Q

what is the skeletal framework

A

its the VC vertebras which contain of
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 saccral
4 cocci

40
Q

what is the properties of thoracic v

A

Small in size
presence of foramen
presence of transverse process

41
Q

what is the prop of cervical v

A

articulate with ribs coroprated with transverse process
and articulate through synovial fluid which separates the veretbreas

42
Q

what are the prob of lumbar v

A

support for psoterior and abdomen wall
and has large size
and it size inc when increasing the pressure on it

43
Q

what is the prob of saccral v

A

fused to single bone called sacrum and articulate with the pelvic bone

44
Q

what is the prob of cocci v

A

fuse to single bone called coccyx which is a triangular bone

45
Q

how is the cervical formed in the embryo

A

vertebras are from intersegmentally from sclerotomes

46
Q

from where sclerotomes are formed

A

somites
each veretbra is derived from the cranial part of the two somites above

47
Q

what are the components of a Typical V

A

veretbral arch
veretbral canal
veretbral body

48
Q

what is the function of vertebral arch

A

weigh bearing
linked to adjacent veretbras by interveretbral discs and ligaments

49
Q

what is the function of the veretbral canal

A

its all the veretbral formina combined and protect the spinal cord

50
Q

what are the prob of cervical vv

A

small in size
each has a transverse process ( foramen transverseum)
Veretbral body is short ,square with concave superior surf
short bifid spinos process
tringular veretbral foramen

51
Q

what are the prob of ATlas C1

A

doesnt havea veretbral body
ring dhaped
2 lateral masses conected by anterior and posterior arch

52
Q

what are prob of axix C2

A

large tooth like extend superiorly

53
Q

what is the atlanto axial joint

A

allow movement of the head and rotation of it

54
Q

what are the prob of thoracic V

A

articulate with ribs
2partial facets articulate with the tubercle of it own rib
heart shaped body

55
Q

what are the prob of lumbar v

A

Large size
clyndicral body
tringular v foramen

56
Q

What is the sacrum

A

5 fused saccral v
concave anterior surface with convex posterior surface
has ant and pos sacral foramen

57
Q

what is the coccyx

A

small tringular bone
3 or 4 coccy v fused together
doesnt have v arch or v canal

58
Q

wht is the interveretbral foramen

A

allwo spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass into the spinal canal \

59
Q

how is the interveretral foramen is formed

A

inferior veretbral notch of the v above and superior veretbra lnotch of the v below

60
Q

what does the interveretbral foramen face from the ant and post parts

A

face the zygopophyseal joint post
face the intereveretbral disc and v body anterirly

61
Q

what is the zygopophyseal joint

A

between the sup articular process of v below and inf articular process of v up

62
Q

what is the scoliosis

A

curvature of theVC and rotation of element of one V up and the another v

My anatomy Cards (4 decks)

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