Lecture 1 Flashcards
How many Amino Acids are there (medical purposes)?
20 AA
Which AA are Essential?
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Leucine Lysine
Which Essential AA is only essential when balanced with nitrogen (+)?
Arginine
Can essential AA be synthesized with the body?
No, they are acquired through food consumption
What are the NON-essential Amino Acids?
Alanine Aspartic acid Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glutamic acid Glycine Proline Tyrosine Serine
Can NON-essential AA be synthesized by the body?
Yes
Which AA are included in proteins that assist with muscle formation?
Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine
How much do Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine account for essential AA?
30-40%
What are the 3 primary macronutrient components?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Amino Acids
What are the three types of carbohydates?
Which are simple vs.complex?
Monosaccharides (simple)
Disaccharides (simple)
Polysaccharides (complex)
What are some examples of Monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What are some examples of Disaccharides?
Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose
What are some examples of Polysaccarides?
Starches, Fibers, Glycogen
What type of macromolecule is an Fatty Acid?
A lipid
Which form of fatty acids are better for our health?
Unsaturated because they are fluid-like and do not solidify like saturated fats
Which type of fatty acids are typically more closely packed together and lead to the formation of plaques?
Saturated because they have single bonds between carbons
What are the two oxidatative pathways and how are they different?
Catabolism (Breakdown of large molecules)
Anabolism (Synthesis of large molecules)
What is an example of anabolism?
Excess glucose is stored in the form of glycogen
What are the dietary fuels in the body? Why are they important for TCA cycle
Carbohydrates( Disaccharides, Monosaccarides, Polysaccharides)
Proteins-16% N2 and produces CO2, H20, and NH4 (via Oxid.)
Fats-Triacylglyecerol- contains least o2, so yields more ATP
Gives off electrons for ATP synthesis
What are some of the body fuel stores
Glycogen-Liver (between meals) and Muscle (exercise)
Fat (triglycerides)
Protein
What is the Caloric Content(Kcal/g) for each of the following?
Carbs and Protein-4 Kcal/g
Fat- 9 Kcal/g
Alcohol- 7 Kcal/g
Can the body synthesize Vitamins & Minerals on its’ own?
No
What do Vitamins & Minerals act as during enzymatic reactions?
Cofactors or Coenzymes
What are the MAJOR minerals required in the diet?
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca2+) Phosphorus (P-3) Magnesium (2+)
What the TRACE Minerals in the Diet?
Iodine Selenium Copper Zinc Iron Manganese Fluoride Chromium Molybdenum
What is the Dietary Recommendation for Carbohydrates?
130 g/day (45%-65% total calories)
What is the Dietary Recommendation for Proteins?
0.8 g/kg (`56g/day)
What is the Dietary Recommendation for Dietary Fat (Essential FA, omega 3)?
20-35% total calories
