Lecture 1

Question 1

How many Amino Acids are there (medical purposes)?

Answer 1

20 AA

Question 2

Which AA are Essential?

Answer 2

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine 
Histidine 
Arginine 
Leucine
Lysine

Question 3

Which Essential AA is only essential when balanced with nitrogen (+)?

Answer 3

Arginine

Question 4

Can essential AA be synthesized with the body?

Answer 4

No, they are acquired through food consumption

Question 5

What are the NON-essential Amino Acids?

Answer 5

Alanine 
Aspartic acid
Arginine
Cysteine
Glutamine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Proline
Tyrosine
Serine

Question 6

Can NON-essential AA be synthesized by the body?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Which AA are included in proteins that assist with muscle formation?

Answer 7

Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine

Question 8

How much do Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine account for essential AA?

Answer 8

30-40%

Question 9

What are the 3 primary macronutrient components?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Amino Acids

Question 10

What are the three types of carbohydates?

Which are simple vs.complex?

Answer 10

Monosaccharides (simple)
Disaccharides (simple)
Polysaccharides (complex)

Question 11

What are some examples of Monosaccharides?

Answer 11

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 12

What are some examples of Disaccharides?

Answer 12

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Question 13

What are some examples of Polysaccarides?

Answer 13

Starches, Fibers, Glycogen

Question 14

What type of macromolecule is an Fatty Acid?

Answer 14

A lipid

Question 15

Which form of fatty acids are better for our health?

Answer 15

Unsaturated because they are fluid-like and do not solidify like saturated fats

Question 16

Which type of fatty acids are typically more closely packed together and lead to the formation of plaques?

Answer 16

Saturated because they have single bonds between carbons

Question 17

What are the two oxidatative pathways and how are they different?

Answer 17

Catabolism (Breakdown of large molecules)

Anabolism (Synthesis of large molecules)

Question 18

What is an example of anabolism?

Answer 18

Excess glucose is stored in the form of glycogen

Question 19

What are the dietary fuels in the body? Why are they important for TCA cycle

Answer 19

Carbohydrates( Disaccharides, Monosaccarides, Polysaccharides)
Proteins-16% N2 and produces CO2, H20, and NH4 (via Oxid.)
Fats-Triacylglyecerol- contains least o2, so yields more ATP

Gives off electrons for ATP synthesis

Question 20

What are some of the body fuel stores

Answer 20

Glycogen-Liver (between meals) and Muscle (exercise)
Fat (triglycerides)
Protein

Question 21

What is the Caloric Content(Kcal/g) for each of the following?

Answer 21

Carbs and Protein-4 Kcal/g
Fat- 9 Kcal/g
Alcohol- 7 Kcal/g

Question 22

Can the body synthesize Vitamins & Minerals on its’ own?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What do Vitamins & Minerals act as during enzymatic reactions?

Answer 23

Cofactors or Coenzymes

Question 24

What are the MAJOR minerals required in the diet?

Answer 24

Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Calcium (Ca2+)
Phosphorus (P-3)
Magnesium (2+)

Question 25

What the TRACE Minerals in the Diet?

Answer 25

Iodine 
Selenium
Copper
Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum

Question 26

What is the Dietary Recommendation for Carbohydrates?

Answer 26

130 g/day (45%-65% total calories)

Question 27

What is the Dietary Recommendation for Proteins?

Answer 27

0.8 g/kg (`56g/day)

Question 28

What is the Dietary Recommendation for Dietary Fat (Essential FA, omega 3)?

Answer 28

20-35% total calories