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Neurobiology 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of PD

A

Stooped posture and shaky hands

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2
Q

What part of the brain initiates movement

A

Frontal cortex

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3
Q

Movement is tightly controlled by ___

A

Basal ganglia

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4
Q

Basal ganglia is a group of ___

A

Nuclei

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5
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved in

A

Initiation and smooth performance of ongoing movement

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6
Q

Caudate location

A

Lateral side of the lateral ventricles

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7
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is connected to the caudate

A

Putamen

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8
Q

Where do the caudate and putamen connect

A

Nucleus accumbens

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9
Q

What are the caudate and putamen separated by

A

Internal capsule

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10
Q

Internal capsule

A

Nerve tracts that connect various brain regions

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11
Q

Why does the internal capsule appear white

A

Composed of myelinated axon bundles

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12
Q

Collective name for caudate and putamen

A

Striatum

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13
Q

Why are the caudate and putamen grouped together

A

They come from the same embryonic origin

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14
Q

Nuclei adjacent to the putamen

A

Globus pallidus internal and globus pallidus external

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15
Q

What nuclei is located under the thalamus

A

Subthalamic nuclei

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16
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located

A

Midbrain region

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17
Q

How many nuclei make up the substantia nigra

A

Two

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18
Q

Nuclei of the substantia nigra

A

SN pars compacta and SN pars reticulata

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

Cavities in the brain

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20
Q

How are inputs of the caudate and putamen divided

A
  1. Input from the cortex

2. Input from the SN pars compacta

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21
Q

Input from the cortex to caudate and putamen name

A

Corticostriatal inputs/pathway

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22
Q

Input from the SN compacta to caudate and putamen name

A

Nigrostriatal input/pathway

23
Q

Neurons of the caudate and putamen

A

Medium spiny neurons

24
Q

Characteristic of medium spiny neurons

A

Huge dendritic trees

25
Q

Information processed by the medium spiny neurons and other neurons in the caudate and putamen will be sent to ___ and ___ (outputs)

A 
Globus pallidus (internal and external)
SN pars reticulata
26
Q

Which inputs to the caudate and putamen are processed by the medium spiny neurons and other local circuit neurons

A

Both cerebrostriatal and nigrostriatal

27
Q

Another name for the globus pallidus

A

Pallidum

28
Q

Globus pallidus at rest

A

Chronically active

29
Q

What happend when the globus pallidus is active

A

Puts a break on the thalamus

30
Q

Can you move the muscle when the globus pallidus is active

A

NO

31
Q

Can the thalamus activate the motor cortex when there is a brake from the globus pallidus

A

No (no movement)

32
Q

If you want to move, the ___ requests a movement

A

Cortex

33
Q

What does the cortex activate when it requests movement

A

Striatum

34
Q

What happens when the striatum is activated

A

The globus pallidus is inhibited (strong brake put on thalamus)

35
Q

What happens when the globus pallidus puts a strong brake on the thalamus

A

Thalamus is disinhibited

36
Q

What happens when the thalamus is disinhibited

A

Thalamus excites motor cortex to initiate movement

37
Q

Globus pallidus inhibited = brake is present/absent = thalamus can/cannot talk to motor cortex to initiate movement

A

Brake is present

Thalamus can talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

38
Q

Globus pallidus active (disinhibited) = brake is present/absent = thalamus can/cannot talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

A

Brake is absent

Thalamus cannot talk to the motor cortex to initiate movement

39
Q

___ and ___ monitor and regulate the movement initiated by the cortex

A

Substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

40
Q

What can the caudate and putamen inhibit besides the globus pallidus

A

SN reticulata

41
Q

What happens when the SN reticulata is inhibited

A

Superior colliculi are disinhibited

42
Q

What happens when the superior colliculi are disinhibited

A

The head can move in coordination with the body movement

43
Q

Basal ganglia pathways divisions

A

Direct and indirect pathways

44
Q

Direct pathway is mainly to initiate ___

A

Voluntary movement

45
Q

How does the substantia nigra excite the caudate and putamen

A

D1 receptor subtype

46
Q

What happens when the caudate and putamen are excited by the substantia nigra

A

Further disinhibits (activates) the thalamus, and thalamus excites motor cortex to initiate movement

47
Q

Which SN acts through D1

A

Compacta

48
Q

What SN acts through D2

A

Reticulata

49
Q

Purpose of the indirect pathway

A

Suppress inappropriate movement (like a tremor)

50
Q

What nuclei is part of the indirect pathway

A

Subthalamic

51
Q

Why do two indirect pathways prevent movement and the third allows movement

A

It is not good to prevent all movement (balance)

52
Q

Organization of the direct and indirect pathways

A

Center surround

53
Q

Center of the center surround model

A

Direct pathway (cortex initiates movement via caudate and putamen)

54
Q

Surround of the center surround model

A

Indirect pathway (suppress unwanted movement via subthalamic nuclei)

Neurobiology 2 (5 decks)

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