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Immunology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

the study of the physiological mechanisms that animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by pathogens

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

any organism with the potential to cause disease

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3
Q

How are multicellular organisms attacked by microorganisms (general)?

A

They are infected and colonized by microorganisms

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4
Q

What are the defense mechanisms for animals?

A
  • skin and contiguous mucosal surfaces (physical and chemical barrier)
  • immune system- lymphoid and myeloid cells- (barrier breach protection)
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5
Q

What is immunity?

A

Provided by previous exposure, exposure can lead to mortality-children (developing countries)

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6
Q

What does vaccination/immunization mean?

A

prior exposure to infectious agents that cannot cause disease-little risk to health or life

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7
Q

What was the first vaccination?

A

smallpox

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8
Q

How many microbial species live in the human gut?

A

Over 1000

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9
Q

What do do microbials do in the gut?

A

process digested food and make several vitamins

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10
Q

What are the benefits of commensal microorganisms?

A

prevent colonization by disease causing organisms

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11
Q

What happens to commensal microorganisms when antibiotics are used?

A

Destruction of commensal organisms and can lead to opportunistic infection

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12
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

pathogens tha tdo no cause illness unless immune defenses are weakened

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of infectious organisms?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites

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14
Q

What are the elements of the immune system?

A
  1. )skin and mucosal surfaces form barriers against infection
  2. ) innate immuntiy
  3. )Adaptive immunity
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15
Q

What is skin?

A

Barrier of epithelium protected by keratinized cells

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16
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

layer of cells that line the outer surface and the inner cavities of the body

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17
Q

What are examples of physical barriers?

A

wounds, burns, surgical procedures, injections

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18
Q

What was the major reason for soldiers death?

A

infection

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19
Q

What drove most advancements in surgery and medicine?

A

War

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20
Q

What areas have mucosal surfaces that protect against infection?

A

urogenital tract, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract

- have well maintained chemical, microbiological barriers

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21
Q

What is mucous and how is it secreted?

A

thick fluid containing glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes that is secreted by cells

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22
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells?

A

produce antimicrobial substances and remove mucous

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23
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

secrete sebum containing containing fatty acids and lactic acids (antibacterial)

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24
Q

What do tears and saliva secrete?

A

lysozyme (antibacterial)

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25
Q

What environments are acidic?

A

stomach, vagina, skin

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26
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • Fast mechanisms
  • Fixed mode of action
  • Effective at stopping infections at an early age
  • Key elements:
    - pathogen receptors-bind covalently to the surface of pathogens
    - proteins that bind covalently to pathogen surfaces-form ligands for receptors on phagocytes
    - Phagocytic cells- engulf and kill pathogens
    - Cytotoxic cells- kill virus-infected cells
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27
Q

What induces cleavage and activation of complement?

A

Presence of bacterium

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28
Q

How does a complement fragment bind to a bacterium?

A

covalently

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29
Q

What binds to the effector cell receptor after a complement fragment binds to a bacterium?

A

the complement fragment

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30
Q

Where do effector molecules reside that assist in innate immunity?

A

connective tissue

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31
Q

What activates effector molecules and the innate immune system?

A

Surface wound introduced by bacteria

32
Q

What allows inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue?

A

vasodilation and increased permeability

33
Q

What are characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Slow to start
  • powerful-eliminates almost all pathogens that escape innate immunity
  • improve pathogen detection rather than pathogen destruction
  • involves lymphocytes (t cells and Bcells)
  • initiated in specialized lymph tissue- Tcell and B cell have receptors that bind to pathogens-selection and activation
  • involve long lasting protection
  • evolving process throughout lifetime
34
Q

What is the difference between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Innate immunity

  • rapid response
  • fixed
  • limited number of specialities
  • constant during reponse

Adaptive immunity

  • slow process
  • numerous highly selective specialities
  • variable
  • improve during response
35
Q

During development, what are the function for progenitor cells?

A

Give rise to large numbers of lymphocytes each with a different specificity

36
Q

How do lymphocytes detect pathogen during infection?

A

During infection, lymphocytes with receptors that recognize the pathogen are activated and then proliferation and differentiation of pathogen-activated lymphocytes give effector cells that terminate the infection

37
Q

Which type of immunity is more understood?

A

Adaptive immunity

38
Q

Generally, how is adaptive immune respinse activated?

A

innate immune response must be active

39
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process by which blood cells are formed

40
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells?

A
  • Pluripotent
  • develops into:
    • Leukocytes-white blood cells
    • erythrocytes- red blood cells
    • megakaryotes- platelets
41
Q

Where is most hematopoietic activity present before birth?

A

yolk sac

42
Q

After birth, where is the greatest hematopoietic activity?

A

bone marrow

43
Q

Where does hematopoietic activity occur?

A

bone marrow , fetal liver and spleen, and yolk sac

44
Q

What do hematopoietic cells form into?

A

common lymphoid precursor and common myeloid precursor

45
Q

What do lymphoid precursor cells turn into?

A

NK/T cell precursor and B cell

46
Q

What do B cells form?

A

plasma cells

47
Q

What do T cells form?

A

effector cells and NK cells

48
Q

What do common myeloid precursor form?

A

granulocyte macrophage progenitor

49
Q

What is the lineage of macrophage and dendritic cell precursor?

A

monocytes—> macrophage

and dendritic cells

50
Q

What can granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells form into?

A 
macrophage/dendritic precursor cells 
neutrophils
eosinophil
basophil
unknown precursor ---> mast cell
51
Q

What do megakaryote/erythocyte progenitors form?

A

megakaryocyte —-> platelets

erythroblasts —-> erythrocyte

52
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

get rid of parasites

53
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

kill cells infected with certain viruses

54
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

produce antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper function (T cells)

55
Q

What is the function of a plasma cell?

A

secrete antibodies

56
Q

What are mast cells ?

A

Expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

57
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses

58
Q

How to do stem cells divide?

A

Assymetrically (stem cell and differentiate)

59
Q

What is cell type has the least amount of leukocytes?

A

basophils

60
Q

What cell type has the most amount of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils

61
Q

Where are neutrophils mostly stored?

A

bone marrow and are released to fight infection

62
Q

How to neutrophils fight infection?

A

During infection, they travel to the site of infection and engulf and kill bacteria.

They die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by macrophages

63
Q

How are macrophages activated?

A

Binding of bacteria to phagocytic receptors on macrophages induces their engulfment and degradation

They are induce the synthesis of cytokines

64
Q

What are the receptors of adaptive immunity?

A

Immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors

65
Q

When do B cells and T cells differentiate into effector cells?

A

on encountering their specific antigen

66
Q

What happens when an antibpdy binds ti pathogens?

A

Cause destruction or inactivation

67
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Cells with receptors for toxin leading to ingestion and destruction by phagocyte

68
Q

What is opsonization?

A

antibodies mark the pathogen and then prepare for ingestion and destruction by phagocyte while also relasses a complement fragment

69
Q

How do lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood?

A

Through lymphatics

70
Q

Why is the spleen significant?

A

provides adaptive immunity to blood infections

71
Q

Tissues of the lamina propria contain a large number of ?

A

immunoglobulin A (IgS)+ plasma cells, T and B cells., macrophages, dendritic cells, and stromal cells

72
Q

What is the GALT?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue and it had organized lymphoid structures, ;like peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles

-tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyers patches

73
Q

What is BALT?

A

Bronchial associated tissue lymphoid tissue
-less organized aggregates of secondary lymphoid tissue that line the respiratory epithelium and other mucosal surfaces (eg GI tract)

74
Q

What is MALT?

A

diffuse mucosal lymphoid tissue

75
Q

What portion of the small intestines contains lymph nodes?

A

Peyers patch

Immunology (7 decks)

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