Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Organized
- consists of cells and organized such that the entropy of the system decreases - Metabolism
- acquire and transform energy - Respond to Stimuli
- interact with the environment - Reproduce
- create more cells for growth and reproduction - Evolve
- adapt to local environment over time
- need an informational molecule
What Domains Exist?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
What is the Bacteria Kingdom?
Monera
What is the Archaea Kingdom?
Monera
What are the Eukarya Kingdoms?
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Protista
- Fungi
What is a Prokaryote Cell?
No membrane-bound nucleus (still have DNA, just not stored in a separate compartment)
What is a Eukaryote Cell?
Contains membrane-bound organelles (DNA stored in a different compartment)
What is strange about the Cladogram of Domains?
Eukarya are more closely related to Archaea than Archaea are related to Bacteria. This is strange because Archaea and Bacteria look the same while Eukarya and Archaea look different. However, Eukarya and Archaea share genetic similarities.
What is LUCA?
Last Universal Common Ancestor. This is the first living thing, all life came from this being.
What are domains classified based on?
They are classified based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell’s ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), the cell’s membrane lipid structure, and its sensitivity to antibiotics.
List the order in which living things are classified.
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
How is the scientific name of an organism written?
Genus species (italicized on the computer, underlined if written)
What are Archaea?
- prokaryotic
- DNA based genome
- often extremophiles
What is a genome?
All of an organisms DNA
What is an extremophile?
Organisms that live in high salt concentrations, high temps, and high acidity
How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?
- different membrane phospholipids
- different cell walls
- covalently bound phospholipid tails in thermophiles
What is an acidophile?
Organisms that can live at a pH of 0
What is a thermophile?
Can live at temps over 65 degrees Celcius
What are Bacteria?
- prokaryotic, look exactly like archaea
- DNA based genome-usually a single, circular molecule of DNA (circle chromosome)
- small (1-10 micrometers)
- metabolically very diverse, so hard to generalize (can grow anywhere-even near nuclear waste)
- shape is not that diverse, look pretty similar (limited structural diversity)
What is E. Coli?
- typical human symbiont
- lives in the gut, produces all necessary vitamin K
- cause of UTIs (urinary tract infections)
What are Eukarya?
- organisms that you can see
- contain membrane-bound organelles
- can be unicellular/ multicellular
- lots of structural diversity (little diversity metabolically)
Which domains have a nuclear envelope?
Only Eukarya
Which domains have membrane-enclosed organelles?
Only Eukarya
Which domains have Peptidoglycan in cell walls?
Only bacteria
