Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 5 Characteristics of Living Organisms

Answer 1

1. Organized
   - consists of cells and organized such that the entropy of the system decreases
2. Metabolism
   - acquire and transform energy
3. Respond to Stimuli
   - interact with the environment
4. Reproduce
   - create more cells for growth and reproduction
5. Evolve
   - adapt to local environment over time
   - need an informational molecule

Question 2

What Domains Exist?

Answer 2

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya

Question 3

What is the Bacteria Kingdom?

Answer 3

Monera

Question 4

What is the Archaea Kingdom?

Answer 4

Monera

Question 5

What are the Eukarya Kingdoms?

Answer 5

• Plantae
• Animalia
• Protista
• Fungi

Question 6

What is a Prokaryote Cell?

Answer 6

No membrane-bound nucleus (still have DNA, just not stored in a separate compartment)

Question 7

What is a Eukaryote Cell?

Answer 7

Contains membrane-bound organelles (DNA stored in a different compartment)

Question 8

What is strange about the Cladogram of Domains?

Answer 8

Eukarya are more closely related to Archaea than Archaea are related to Bacteria. This is strange because Archaea and Bacteria look the same while Eukarya and Archaea look different. However, Eukarya and Archaea share genetic similarities.

Question 9

What is LUCA?

Answer 9

Last Universal Common Ancestor. This is the first living thing, all life came from this being.

Question 10

What are domains classified based on?

Answer 10

They are classified based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell’s ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), the cell’s membrane lipid structure, and its sensitivity to antibiotics.

Question 11

List the order in which living things are classified.

Answer 11

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 12

How is the scientific name of an organism written?

Answer 12

Genus species (italicized on the computer, underlined if written)

Question 13

What are Archaea?

Answer 13

• prokaryotic
• DNA based genome
• often extremophiles

Question 14

What is a genome?

Answer 14

All of an organisms DNA

Question 15

What is an extremophile?

Answer 15

Organisms that live in high salt concentrations, high temps, and high acidity

Question 16

How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

Answer 16

• different membrane phospholipids
• different cell walls
• covalently bound phospholipid tails in thermophiles

Question 17

What is an acidophile?

Answer 17

Organisms that can live at a pH of 0

Question 18

What is a thermophile?

Answer 18

Can live at temps over 65 degrees Celcius

Question 19

What are Bacteria?

Answer 19

• prokaryotic, look exactly like archaea
• DNA based genome-usually a single, circular molecule of DNA (circle chromosome)
• small (1-10 micrometers)
• metabolically very diverse, so hard to generalize (can grow anywhere-even near nuclear waste)
• shape is not that diverse, look pretty similar (limited structural diversity)

Question 20

What is E. Coli?

Answer 20

• typical human symbiont
• lives in the gut, produces all necessary vitamin K
• cause of UTIs (urinary tract infections)

Question 21

What are Eukarya?

Answer 21

• organisms that you can see
• contain membrane-bound organelles
• can be unicellular/ multicellular
• lots of structural diversity (little diversity metabolically)

Question 22

Which domains have a nuclear envelope?

Answer 22

Only Eukarya

Question 23

Which domains have membrane-enclosed organelles?

Answer 23

Only Eukarya

Question 24

Which domains have Peptidoglycan in cell walls?

Answer 24

Only bacteria

Question 25

What is Peptidoglycan?

Answer 25

A polymer that is composed of polysaccharide and peptide chains and is found especially in bacterial cell walls

Question 26

What is a chromosome?

Answer 26

A single molecule of DNA

Question 27

Which domains have circular chromosomes?

Answer 27

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 28

Which domains have linear chromosomes?

Answer 28

Eukarya and in a rare case Bacteria