Lecture 1

Question 1

Flow of Genetic Information

Answer 1

DNA (Replicates) ==> (transcription) RNA ==> (translation) Protein

Question 2

What are the Four nucleotides that make up DNA?

Answer 2

A (Adenine) = T (Thymine)

C (Cytosine) = G (Guanine)

Question 3

How many nucleotides to make 1 Amino Acid

Answer 3

3

Question 4

1. Where is the information stored?

2. What’s the rule for base pairing?

Answer 4

1. Information content is in the sequence of
   bases along a DNA molecule
2. each strand of the double
   helix has all the information needed to recreate the
   other strand

Question 5

Why do individuals have different phynotypes?

Answer 5

Genetic variation — differences in the base

sequence between different individuals

Question 6

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 6

Before cell division

Question 7

Where are the new subunits added to ?

Answer 7

they are added to the 3’ end (5’ ==> 3’)

Question 8

How accurate is DNA replication?

Answer 8

10^-9 mistake frequency

Question 9

What are the three mechanism that produce remarkable replication accuracy?

Answer 9

1. DNA polymerase base selection.
2. DNA replication proofreading.
3. Mismatch repair.

Question 10

How does DNA polymerase work?

Answer 10

Selects base polymerized by complementarity

Question 11

What’s the error rate of DNA polymerase?

Answer 11

Base selection 10^-4
Proofreading 10^-4
mismatch repair 10^-1

total = 10^-9

Question 12

How does mismatch repair work?

Answer 12

Mismatch repair system recognizes mismatched base pairs and replaces
is matched base on newly made strand with correct
base

Question 13

what are genes?

Answer 13

Segments along the chromosomal DNA that code for some function

Question 14

What is replication?

Answer 14

DNA replicates

Question 15

What is transcription?

Answer 15

“copy” gene into RNA to make a protein

Question 16

Where are promoters? where are terminators located?

Answer 16

???????

Question 17

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 17

RNA not coiled, single strained, has Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)

Question 18

Which way does the RNA move?

Answer 18

RNA moves 3’ to 5’

Question 19

which way does the RNA polymerase synthesize?

Answer 19

RNA synthesizes 5’ to 3’, adds to 3’ end.

Question 20

What are introns? what are exons? What are UTRS? what is ORF?

Answer 20

Introns are parts of DNA not coding.
Exons are coding
UTRs are untranslated regions
ORFs are open reading frame

Question 21

which is the mRNA read?

Answer 21

From 5’ to 3’

Question 22

what are long vertical lines? Short?

Answer 22

Long = Stop codons
Short = possible start codons

Question 23

one genes codes for how many proteins?

Answer 23

1 gene codes for one protein.