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Physiological Sciences 107 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the Embryonic Period?

A

First 8 weeks

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2
Q

How long is the Fetal Period?

A

remaining 30 weeks

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3
Q

The Human embryonic development takes an average of

A

38 weeks

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4
Q

Oocyte is a ____ containing only _____

A

haploid cell, 1 copy of each chromosome

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5
Q

Oocyte remains viable within the fallopian tube for approximately ___

A

12 hours

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6
Q

The oocyte is surrounded by a plasma membrane, a thick extracellular matrix or ______
and additional layers of cells called ______

A

zona pellucida, the corona radiata.

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7
Q

Sperm are _____

A

haploid cells and are attracted to the oocyte.

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8
Q

Sperm ______ through these membranes to ____

A

enzymatically digest a pathway, fertilize the oocyte.

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9
Q

It is critical that only ______ fertilizes the oocyte, and all others are inhibited by ______ induced by the _______ after the first sperm has entered.

A

one sperm, chemical changes, zona pellucida

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10
Q

What contributes more cytoplasm

A

oocyte, it is bigger than the sperm

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11
Q

What contributes more genetic material?

A

Equal, both oocyte and sperm have equal genetic material.

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12
Q

How long does nuclear fusion take?

A

12 hours

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13
Q

What happens as a result of nuclear fusion?

A

A single diploid cell is formed (called a zygote)

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14
Q

What changes must occur in order for fertilization to lead to development

A

Meiosis II is completed,
protein synthesis is stimulated, the cytoplasm within the zygote segregates to produce a polarity, and
DNA replication begins.

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15
Q

What is cleavage?

A

series of mitotic divisions by

which the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into smaller cells

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16
Q

When does cleavage occur?

A

24h after fertilization

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17
Q

What are blastomeres?

A

Cells formed by cleavage divisions

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18
Q

What happens to the size of the embryo as cleavage keeps creating new divisions?

A

The diameter stays the same

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19
Q

What is the 16-32 stage called for the embryo?

A

Morula

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20
Q

Initially dividing cells are ____, but then become ______ .

A

round, compacted with junctions between them

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21
Q

Embryo differentiates into ____ and ____

A

external and internal cells

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22
Q

external cells will become _____

A

the embryonic contribution to the placenta

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23
Q

Inside the sphere are a small number of internal cells that ____

A

give rise to the embryo

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24
Q

External cells differentiate into ____ and continue to divide and secrete fluid into the
middle of the morula to create the ___

A

trophoblasts, blastocyst cavity

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25
Q

Internal cells are compacted into the_____________

A 
inner
cell mass (ICM)
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26
Q

As the blastocyst expands, the_______ degenerates, in preparation for ________________

A

zona pellucida

implantation

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27
Q

The __________ keeps developing embryo from attaching to fallopian tube lining until it reaches the uterus.

A

zona pellucida

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28
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the ______________

A

lateral third of the fallopian tube

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29
Q

By day 3, the embryo is a
compact ball of cells. By day 4, it contains about 60 cells and has reached the uterus. Fluid is secreted
into the middle of the morula forming a _________

A

blastocyst.

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30
Q

After the zona pellucida degenerates, trophoblast cells adhere to, and burrow into __________

A

the lining of the

uterus or endometrium.

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31
Q

syncytium

A

a multinucleated mass that invades the uterine lining

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32
Q

How is the placenta formed?

A

derived from both embryonic trophoblast and maternal endometrial cells

33
Q

What are the two layers the Inner cell mass separates in to?

A

epiblast (upper germ layer)

hypoblast (lower germ layer)

34
Q

What do the epiblast and hypoblast form into?

A

amniotic sac = epiblast

yolk sac = hypoblast

35
Q

What is the amniotic sac

A

filled with amniotic fluid that protects embryo from physical injury

36
Q

What is the yolk sac

A

not an important food source

37
Q

In order for the bilaminar disc to transform into a 3-layer structure, a raised groove called the ____ forms in the .
The primitive streak ends in the ____

A

primitive streak
epiblast

primitive node

38
Q

• Epiblast cells move ___ at the primitive streak. Initially they displace the hypoblast and form
endoderm but then they form the third germ layer, ______

A

inward

mesoderm

39
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to

A

sheets of tightly joined cells on outside of the body (skin). Also the brain, spinal cord, CNS.

40
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

sheets of tightly joined cells inside the body (digestive & respiratory tracts).

41
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to

A

everything else. Mesodermal cells migrate widely and give rise to tissues
such as muscle and bone.

42
Q

Epiblast cells invaginate at the primitive node and migrate anteriorly to form

A

dorsal mesoderm

43
Q

notochord is?

A

a transient structure found in the

midline that divides the body into right and left halves

44
Q

Notochord has an important developmental function

A

induces the formation of the nervous

system

45
Q

The primitive streak is later reduced to

A

a strip of epidermis over the coccyx

46
Q

Dorsal-most part of the embryonic disc corresponds to

A

top of the future head.

47
Q

What is neuralation?

A

Events by which the notochord induces ectoderm cells to form the nervous system

48
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm in the dorsal midline thickens

49
Q

How are neural folds made?

A

When the edges of the neural plate begin to fold toward each other

50
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

What does it develop into

A

Neural folds meet dorsally and overlay the ectoderm
develops into the
central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord).

51
Q

Ectoderm that will become neural crest, what is the neural crest?

A

Neural crest cells migrate

throughout the body developing into the peripheral nervous system

52
Q

Ectoderm that forms epidermis, what is the epidermis?

A

forms the skin covering the spine.

53
Q

The neural plate _____ as the embryo grows

A

enlarges dorsally

54
Q

The neural groove forms and ___ meet in the midline to form the neural tube

A

neural folds

55
Q

Neural tube closes first ____ of the embryo and then proceeds ___

A

near the middle

both rostrally and caudally

56
Q

If closure is incomplete caudally, the child is born with

A

spinal bifida

57
Q

If closure is incomplete rostrally, ____

A

the brain will not develop

58
Q

Main force responsible for embryo folding is ______ - the ____ expands more
than the ____

A

differential growth of tissues
ectoderm
endoderm

59
Q

The ____ grows more vigorously than yolk sac, becoming convex in shape. It then
grows together ____, forming the ____ of the body.

A

ectoderm
ventrally
ventral midline

60
Q

the medial part of the somite forms the ____

A

sclerotome

61
Q

the lateral mesoderm divides into _____ and ______

A

somatic mesoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

62
Q

Most of the yolk sac is folded inside the embryo, forming the _____

A

gut tube

63
Q

Somites divide into 3 parts:
Sclerotome forms the ____
Myotome forms the _____
Dermatome forms the _____

A

vertebral column and ribs.
limb and trunk muscles.
gives rise to the dermis.

64
Q

• Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to ____

A

kidneys and gonads.

65
Q

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm forms membranes that surround viscera & gives rise to ___

A

heart

and blood vessels.

66
Q

Somatic (body) mesoderm forms ___

A

membranes that line the body cavity

67
Q

Condensations of mesoderm at ___ of the embryonic disc give ___

A

rostral end,

rise to the heart

68
Q

Condensations form _____, giving rise to the

A

a pair of tubes that fuse

primitive heart tube

69
Q

Primitive heart tube folds up and twists around to form ____

A

four-chambered heart.

70
Q

Embryonic heart is

A

beating and pumping blood by 1 month in utero.

71
Q

Endoderm attached to the yolk sac folds____, forming the ___

A

inward, major divisions of the gut

72
Q

Tissues derived from endoderm differentiate into ____

A

linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and

urogenital systems

73
Q

Foregut differentiates into ___

A

the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, lung buds, stomach, and part of the
small intestine.

74
Q

Midgut differentiates into ___

A

the remainder of the small intestine and two-thirds of the large intestine.

75
Q

Hindgut differentiates into ___

A

the remainder of the large intestine, rectum and urogenital system.

76
Q

Ectoderm forms

A

skin and the nervous system.

77
Q

Mesoderm forms

A

connective tissue, blood cells, heart, bone, and muscle

78
Q

Endoderm forms

A

the lining of respiratory and digestive tubes.

Physiological Sciences 107 (1 decks)

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