Lecture 1 Flashcards by Rawan Albalawi

Define the Medical Parasitology ?

It is the study of animal

parasites which infect and produce disease in humans.

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What is the parasite?

Organisms which lives in or upon Host and draws it nutrients directly from it.

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Parasites are two types ……..and…………..?

Endoparasite and Ectoparasite

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Define the endoparasite and give me the Types?

The parasite, which lives within the host.

– Obligate parasite
– Facultative parasite
– Accidental parasite
– Aberrant parasite

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Define the Ectoparasite?

The parasite, which lives on the outer surface or in the superficial tissues of the host (eg: lice).

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Medical Parasitology study of what?

-parasites causing human disease
– general structure and life cycle
– mode of transmission to human.
– Disease
– Laboratory diagnosis
– Prevention and Controls.
– Treatment

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True or false

parasite always small not seen by naked eye( )
Malaria is example of large parasite ( )
Taenia ”tapeworm” is large parasite ( )

False- could be small or large
False- small parasite
True

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Mention 2 example of Unicellular parasite ?

Amoeba

Giardina

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Mention 2 example of Multicellular parasite?

Trematoda

Cestoda

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Define the Host

organism, which

harbors”carry”the parasite and provides the nourishment and shelter”house”.

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Mention the type of Host and Write short explanation about each one?

Definitive host - harbors the 🙎🏻‍♂️adult,mature,sexual parasite
Intermediate host- harbors the 👼🏻young,immature,asexual parasite
Reservoir hosts - harbors animal 🐶
Paratenic host- harbors parasite’lived or died’ that belong to plant,animal by food contaminated 🥐🪱
Natural host - original
Accidental host

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Mention the Host-Parasite Relationship?and write ✍️ short note 📝

Mutualism / Both host and symbiont benefit and Don’t harmed ,can be long or short term
ببساطة العلاقه اللطيفة يتستفيدون من بعض بدون أذية

Commensalism/ The symbiont benefits by receiving transportation,housing,nutrition and the host don’t helped nor harmed
العلاقه المعفنه واحد يستفيد على حساب الثاني بدون مايضر😒
Parasitism/ the symbiont lives in/on the Host
Symbiont is Benefits, Host is Harmed
واحد يستفيد على حساب تضرر الثاني 😡

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Obligate parasite means?

Depend on host

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Facultative parasite means?

Can change its life style from free living to parasitic like Strongyloides

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Accidental parasite means?

Infect the unusual host by chance like Toxocara canis

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Differentiate between Temporary and Permanent parasite?

Temporary visit the host to feed them leave

Permanent live in/on the host for ever ‘لصقه🩹

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Opportunistic parasite means?

Parasite cause disease to immune-compromised host

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The time interval between initial contact with an infectious agent and appearance of first sign and symptoms of disease Is————-

Incubation period

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Define pathogen ?

Cause damage to the host

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Define pathogenesis ?

The development of the disease and the chain of events leading to that disease

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The resistance offered by the host towards the injury caused by the microorganisms or their products is————

Immunity

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Prevention refers to?

Interception of the disease

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What is the source of infection?

Person,animal,contaminated object or substance from parasite passes to host

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Human belong to which kingdom?

Animality

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Mention the sub kingdom of parasites

``` -Protozoa single-celled organisms -Helminths multicellular organisms – Arthopoda triploblastic segmented, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates with paired articulated appendages. ```

Differentiate between Protozoa and Helminths

Protozoa small,unicellular,complete morphological and functional Helminths Large,have particular function such as reproduction,digestion,excretion

What is the name of Phylum that divide into subphylum sacrodina and mastigophora?

Sacromastingophora

The sub-phylum Sacrodina moved by?

Pseudopodia

Mastingophora moving by? And give an example of genus and species?

Move by flagella | Giardia and G. lamblia

Give me an genus example of sacrodina ?

Entamoeba

Give me species example of sacrodina?

E. histolytica

What is the Phylum that have no organelle of iocomotion? And genus example

Apicomplexa | Plasmodium

Species example of Phylum Apicomplexa?

P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale

Ciliophora moves by——— and give genus example ———and species example———-

Cillia Balantidium B. Coli

The phylum Microsporangia spore-forming mention an genus and species example?

Enterocyto-Zoe | E. bienusi

The sub kingdom of Metazoa divided it to ……………and …………

Nematodes and Platyhelminthes

What is the Properties of Nematodes?

Round worms; appear round in cross section, they have body cavities, a straight alimentary canal and an anus

What is the Properties of Platyhelminthes?

Flat worms dorsoventrally flattened no body cavity and if ‏present the alimentary canal is blind ending

Platyhelminthes divided in to …………&…………

Cestodes and Trematodes

What is the Properties of Cestodes?

Adult tapeworms are found in the intestine of their host They have a head (scolex) with sucking organs, a segmented body but no alimentary canal Each body segment is hermaphrodite

What is the Properties of Trematodes?

Non-segmented, usually leaf-shaped, with two suckers but no distinct head They have an alimentary canal and are usually hermaphrodite and leaf shaped

What’s the name of the are the exception in the Trematodes They have separate sexes?

Schistosomes

What’s the Genus examples of Nematodes?

``` Ascaris (roundworm) Trichuris (whipworm) Ancylostoma (hookworm) Necator (hookworm) Enterobius (pinworm or threadworm) Strongyloides ```

What’s the Genus examples of Cestodes?

Taenia (tapeworm)

What’s the Genus examples of Trematodes?

Fasciolopsis (liver fluke) | Schistosoma (not leaf shaped!)

LIFE CYCLE in parasite divided in to ?

1\SIMPLE/HOMOGENOUS/DIRECT 2\COMPLEX/HETEROGENOUS/INDIRECT

TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES It depends on …………… and …………

Source or reservoir of infection, | Mode of transmission

Sources of infection in TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES divided in to ………… and …………

Anthroponoses. | Zoonoses.

✅❌ When parasites infecting humans and then move to another human in this situation source of infection is direct zoonoses?

False Zoonoses In animal not human

When parasites infecting animal and then move to another animal by vector in this situation source of infection is direct zoonoses?

❌ | Indirect

✅❌ Direct transmission mean .move parasite from human to another human ( Anthroponoses)

✅

MODES OF TRANSMISSION mean ………………

Transmission of infection from one host to another, caused by certain form of the parasite is known as the infective stage.

MODES OF TRANSMISSION of parasite through 4 method what are they ?

1. Oral route 2. Penetration of the skin and mucous membranes 3. Inoculation by an arthopod vector 4. Sexual contact

how Can the parasite transmitted through ORAL ROUTE.?

1. Ingestion of food, water and vegetables 2. Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat: 3. Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish 4. Ingestion of raw or undercooked water plants 5. Ingestion of intermediate host as a whole

how Can the parasite transmitted through PENETRATION OF THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES

The infection is transmitted by • Penetration of the intact skin by filariform larvae coming in contact with the feacally contaminated soil.

Gave me an example when the parasite Piercing the skin by contact with contaminated water?

cercariae of Schistosomas

INOCULATION BY AN ARTHOPOD VECTOR MEAN……………

The infection can also be transmitted by • Inoculation into the blood by phlebotomus, Anopheles and Glossiana vector. • Inoculation into the skin by mosquitoes.

Gave me an example of Infection is transmitted by sexual?

Trichomanas

The factors that affect PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY are …………… and ……………

* Host factors | * Parasitic factors

The host factors include?

Nutritional status of the host, whether malnutrition or under nutrition. 2. Immune status of the host, whether there is immunosuppression or not. 3. Immune response to parasitic infection. 4. The presence or absence of co-existing disease or other physiological conditions such as pregnancy. 5. The age and the level of the immunity at the time of infection.

The parasitic factors include?

1. Site of the attachment of the parasite. 2. Size of the parasite. 3. Number of invading parasites. 4. Parasite strain (pathogenic or non-pathogenic). 5. Growth, development and multiplication of parasites inside the human body and their metabolic products. •

The parasites may cause disease in one of the many ways. what these ways?

a) Trauma b) Invasion and destruction of the host cells c) Inflammatory reactions d) Toxins e) Allergic manifestations

Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infection ………… and ……………

Direct Examination. Cultural Techniques.

Direct Examination Diagnosis of parasitic disease include ?

Stool General . Concentration techniques . Thin and Thick blood film. Sputum, CSF, Tissues, Aspirate and other body fluids

Indirect Examination( Cultural Techniques. )Diagnosis of parasitic disease include ?

Serology (ELISA, ICT, Immunofluorescence, etc…) Molecular techniques (PCR, Nested PCR, etc…)