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Di Immune Th 🦠 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors influencing the extent and severity of an infection:

-Host factors:

A 
1- integrity of non-specific defences
2- competence of the immune system 
3- genetic capacity of the responds effectively to as specific organism
4- evidence of previous exposure 
5- existence of co-infection
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2
Q

Factors influencing the extent and severity of an infection:

Pathogen factors:

A

Dose
Virulence of organism
Route of entry

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3
Q

Define the infection

A

When organism enter the body and increase in number and cause the damage to the host

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4
Q

Is a measure of a microbe’s ability to cause disease—————

A

Virulence

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5
Q

❌✅
Virulence It is a qualitative measure of pathogenicity and
is measured by the number of organisms
required to cause disease

A

False -Quantitative

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6
Q

The virulence of microbe determined by virulence factor like?

A

Capsule
Endotoxins
Exotoxins

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7
Q

Normal resistance to infection divided into?

A

Non-specific resistance

Specific resistance

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8
Q

Non-specific resistance Refers to?

A

1-Barriers (mechanical,physical,chemical)
2-Phagocytic cell
(*Neutrophil; first cell will be recruited and it is short live but produce in large number/
*Macrophage)

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9
Q

Monocytes/macrophage express receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide mention the name of that receptor?

A

CD14

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10
Q

CD11b/CD18 , CD11c/CD18 Are?

And recognize what?

A
  • Integrin molecules

- leishmania,Bordetella, Candida and LPS

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11
Q

Mention the Receptor that express on Monocytes/Macrophage?

A

CD14
CD11b/CD18
CD11c/CD18
Mannose receptor

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12
Q

There are two main sites where pathogens may reside in an infected host ?

A

Extracellularly in tissue spaces

Intracellularly within host cell

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13
Q

The immune system has different mechanisms of dealing with pathogens mention it?

A

Extracellularly by Antibodies

Intracellulary by cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

Mention the typical examples of extracellular pathogenic

bacteria ?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli

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15
Q

Example of extracellular sites?

A 
Mucosal surfaces 
Vascular
Lymphatic
Body cavity fluids
Interstitial spaces
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16
Q

✅❌
The biochemical, structural, and genetic factors
(virulence factors) play important roles in bacterial
immunity.

A

False - pathogenesis

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17
Q

Characteristics of bacteria that are pathogens and

can serve as antigens for detection include:

A

1-Pili and Fimbriae that facilitate attachment to host cells
2- elaboration of proteins that facilitate entry
3- Bacterial toxins(exotoxins and component of cell membrane (endotoxins,LPO)
4- tissue-degrading enzymes and anti-phagocytic factor

18
Q

Serological Identification of Extracellular Bacteria divided to and the meaning of each one

A

1- direct serological testing (detecting Antigens)by using specific Antibodies, serogrouping or serotyping
2- indirect serological testing
(Detecting Antibodies ) mainly IgG,IgM
By using synthetized bacteria antigens

19
Q

Types of Serological Tests.

A
  • Agglutination
  • precipitation
  • ELISA
  • complement Fixation Test
  • immunofluoresence
20
Q

Syphilis disease caused by?and how it is transmitted ?

A
  • Spirochete Treponema Pallidum

- By sexual contact with other person or maternal-fetal or blood

21
Q

The spirochetes are able to spread into various

organs and cause _______?

A

Gummas

22
Q

Mention the stages of Syphilis?

A

✍️Primary/ inflammatory lesions ‘chancers’ appear 2 to 8 weeks after infection and last 1 to 5 weeks + serum test for syphilis are positive in 90% of patients after 3 weeks + antibody IgM
✍️Secondary/ occurs 6 to 8 weeks after chancre, characterized
by a generalized rash. It is highly contagious. Serologic tests
are positive, antibodies are mostly IgG.
✍️Latent/ serological tests are still positive.
• Early latent • Late latent
✍️Late or tertiary/ May involve any organ, but main parts are:
– Neurosyphilis
– Cardiovascular syphilis
– Late benign (gumma)

23
Q

✅❌
Congenital syphilis is transmitted to a fetus after 16th
weeks of gestation.

A

False 18th

24
Q

✅❌

Infected mother before 18th weeks can transmitted the disease to fetus

A

False can’t

25
Q

Infection by the bacteria Treponema pallidum induces production of at least three types of antibodies mention them

A

Cardiolipin antigen
group-specific antigen
species- specific antigen of T.pallidum

26
Q

✅❌

The cardiolipin antigen is a hapten

A

✅

27
Q

What is the mean by hapten?

A

elicits the production of an antibody

28
Q

✅❌

cardiolipin”hapten” Known as reagin antribody

A

✅

29
Q

mention tests that are empoly cardiolipin antigen

A

RPR (rapid plasma reagin

VDRL ( venereal disease research laboratory

30
Q

✅❌

T. pallidumgroup-specific antigen is polysaccharide in nature.

A

❌ protein

31
Q

group-specific antigens found in?

A

T. pallidumas and Reiter’s treponeme

32
Q

✅❌

Species-specific treponemalantigen is probably polysaccharide in nature

A

✅

33
Q

give an example for specific test in Species-specific antigens of T.pallidum?

A

T. pallidum hemagglutination TPHA

34
Q

The treponemesrapidly penetrate the intact mucous
membrane or minor skin abrasions and within a few hours
enter the lymphatics and blood to produce?

A

systemic

infection

35
Q

Treponemalantigens induce the production of 2 Antibodies mention them

A

specific treponemal antibodies

nonspecific reaginic antibodies

36
Q

Appearance of gummes result from?

A

delayed hypersensitivity

37
Q

✅❌

direct detection identify the organism visually using fluorescence microscope

A

❌ dark field

38
Q

✅❌

direct detection of syphilis use fluid taken from chancre during primary stage

A

✅

39
Q

There are 2 types of serological Tests according to the type Of Ag used?

A

Non-treponemal Treponemal Antigen tests: Non- Antigen tests: specific(ReaginAb) Specific tests tests using cardiolipin Ag(STANDARD TESTS FOR SYPHILIS)
Treponemal Antigen tests: specific test using pathogenic T. pallidum

40
Q

explain RPR test

A

1 -non treponemal test
2- contain charcoal particles for macroscopic reading👁
3-measuring IgM ,IgG
4- more sensitive than VDRL for detection primary stages

41
Q

explain VDRL?

A

1- Qualtitative and Quantitave screening procedure
2- the Ag composed of cardiolipin , lecithin, cholesterol
3- in this test the serum in activated at 56c for 30m
4- positive result on spinal fluid diagnostic of neurosyphilis

42
Q

The Special Diagnosis Area?

A

congenital syphilis

CNS symptoms

Di Immune Th 🦠 (12 decks)

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