Lecture 1

Question 1

• What are the 2 purines?
• What are the 2 pyrimidines?
• How do they match up?

Answer 1

• 2 purines = adenine, guanine
• 2 pyrimidines = thymine, cytosine
• A to T; C to G

Question 2

• What are the 4 types of histone that DNA wraps around to form an octomere?
• What histone stabilizes the DNA?

Answer 2

• H2A, H2B, H3, H4

- H1

Question 3

Why does the male mitochondrial DNA not get passed down?

Answer 3

• mitochondrial DNA is housed in the sperm tail which does not enter the egg.

Question 4

Mitosis is seen in _______ cells

Answer 4

somatic (46 chromosomes)

Question 5

Meiosis is seen in _______ cells

Answer 5

germ cells (23 chromosomes)

Question 6

• What is Gap 0 of the cell cycle?

- What 2 cells is this associated with?

Answer 6

• the complete resting phase

- nerve and blood cells

Question 7

• What happens at the end of Gap 1 of the cell cycle?

Answer 7

• cell is checked for any errors or mutations

Question 8

What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 8

• everything reproduces (double genetic material)

Question 9

The P53 pathway is at the end of what phase of interphase?

Answer 9

• Gap 2

Question 10

In which cycle of mitosis is it best to do a karyotype?

Answer 10

• metaphase

Question 11

Sperm duplicates and goes through meiosis one at what stage of life?

Answer 11

during sexual maturity

Question 12

Oogenesis occurs once in what stage of life?

Answer 12

prenatal

Question 13

What is the main difference between mitotic and meiotic non-disjunction?

Answer 13

• mitotic = creates a mosaic

- meiotic = 100% error rate, you don’t have a mosaic

Question 14

unbalanced translocations usually happen in what generation of reproduction?

Answer 14

second

Question 15

What is the function of the promoter?

Answer 15

initiates transcription

Question 16

What is the function of the initiator codon?

Answer 16

• turns on the actual translation process

* AUG most common*

Question 17

What part of the DNA actually encodes proteins?

Answer 17

exons

Question 18

DNA is ________ into RNA.

Answer 18

transcribed

Question 19

RNA is ________ into protein.

Answer 19

translated

Question 20

What is our “start” codon?

Answer 20

AUG

Question 21

What are the 3 “stop” codons?

Answer 21

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 22

What is the most common type of point mutations?

Answer 22

missense mutations

*e.g. GAA turns into GAC

Question 23

What is a nonsense mutation?

Answer 23

mutation that creates a premature “stop” codon

Question 24

What is a frameshift mutations?

Answer 24

single nucleotide is added or deleted changing the whole reading frame