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HSBH1003 > Lect2 Social determinants of health > Flashcards

Lect2 Social determinants of health Flashcards

1
Q

What are the social determinants of health? (WHO Organisation)

A

The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels. The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

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2
Q

What are important tools in HSBH?

A
  1. Social determinants of health (how society impacts health and healthcare)
  2. Structure versus agency
  3. Cultural competence

These are useful for understanding and practicing in health and wellbeing

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3
Q

What are patients health and the way they access health services influenced by?

A

Biological, psychological and social factors

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4
Q

What is the difference between agency and structures?

A

Agency is the power you have in life over your own decisions. Structures limit and influence available options to people (not control life entirely but make choices difficult and easier for others)

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5
Q

What is cultural competence?

A

Being able to communicate amongst different social structures

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6
Q

What are some examples of social structures?

A
  • Allied health professions
  • Students education
  • Australia
  • The world
  • Social determinant -> ethnicity
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7
Q

What are practitioner skill developments?

A
  • understanding and communicating key ideas
  • critical thinking
  • reflective practice
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8
Q

What is the biomedical model?

A

The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. It is considered to be the leading modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries.

  • illness as a malfunction
  • biological mechanisms
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9
Q

How has the biomedical approach been helpful?

A

Illness can be attributed to a single curse within the body. This is very successful and has allowed for great advances in the diagnoses and treatment of life-threatening/debilitating diseases

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10
Q

What is the downfall of the biomedical model?

A

Health is only the absence of illness according to this model. This has stigmatised mental illness. Also does not consider life expectancy

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11
Q

How does the social gradient of health affect society?

A

It lowers someone’s position in a social hierarchy. Lowest economic status equals the highest rate of illness (premature death), use preventative services less and higher rates of illness-rated behaviours such as smoking.

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12
Q

Who uses the biomedical model?

A

Biomedical model is used by doctors – continues to be pervasive due to medical dominance

“Germov: little attention to the social origins of illness and its potential prevention”

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13
Q

How may the biomedical model impact on overall care?

A
  • risk that you see the illness and not the person – objectified
  • values or circumstances that do not enter in this, then you won’t feel listened to and the care you may receive isn’t appropriate
  • anything with a psychological and emotional impact is missing - high focus on physical systems
  • pain is subjective
  • Treat disease not patient – OBJECTIFICATION
  • may disregard thoughts/feelings/subjective experiences – medical scientism
  • May lead to victim-blaming by locating the cause and cure of disease within the individual
  • contribute to over-prescription problem
  • ignores social factors in physical/mental health
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14
Q

What is the social model?

A

Health is considered a “state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmity”.

This complements the biomedical model:

  • views health holistically
  • highlights the social context
  • recognises the meaning of health is socially constructed
  • recognises influence of social factors on health
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15
Q

What are the advantages of the social model?

A

Provides new approaches for treating diseases and improving health. The major determinants of population health: genes and biology (5%), health behaviour (20%), health care (20%), social determinants of health (55%)

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16
Q

What is sociology?

A
  • The systematic study of humans in relation to society and social interactions
  • Will help understand how social factors influence people’s health outcomes
  • Patterns of behaviours and practices
  • uncover links between individual lives and social forces
  • Focuses on the organisation of social life – how people’s lives are influenced by opportunities/experiences and impact people have on society through acting and creating change
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17
Q

What are examples of social determinants of health?

A

Age, gender, class, Aboriginality, ethnicity, sexuality, religion

18
Q

How do social structures help us?

A
  • Helps us understand how social structures influence people’s health outcomes
  • Patterned social arrangements
  • Determine the everyday practices of people
  • Practices simultaneously reproduce that social structure
19
Q

What is gender/sex?

A

Refers to the social practices by which the biological reproductive distinction of fe/male is enacted in the making of social differences and power relations among people, inclusive of femininity, masculinity and LGBTIQ.

20
Q

What is class?

A

A position in a system of structured inequality based on the unequal distribution of power, wealth, income, and status. People who share a class position typically share similar life chances.

21
Q

What does thinking sociologically allow?

A
  • an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society
  • and enables us to recognise that reality is the product of social relations, rather than existing independently in a neutral, objective and value-free scientific vacuum
  • Ideas of health and illness are socially constructed and can vary between cultures and change over time
  • what is considered real is shaped by those around us
  • experiences are understood and experienced through a cultural and social processes
  • how we experience a situation depends on the culture we lvie in or the people we interact with throughout our lives
  • e.g. within some social groups, smoking normalised due to less impetus for quit
22
Q

How is social construction in health?

A
  • Health and functioning not just biological - are also socially and historically shaped
  • What it means to be healthy or ill shifts between generations and within generations; and across cultures and within cultures
  • Health and medical knowledge are often constructed as the truth, without reference to the historical and cultural development of medicine
23
Q

What is involved in the social determinants of health?

A
  • Socially constructed (meaning given)
  • Social structures (patterned social arrangements)
  • Directly or indirectly influence an individual or population health
  • SDOH fundamentally about patterns of inequality - at different levels, local, national, global
24
Q

What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australia?

A
  • Social factors influencing men are more likely to be overweight to woman, ages
  • Gender and age differences
  • Less acceptable for women to be obese
25
Q

What are foodways?

A

A general term that refers to habits and practices relating to food acquisition, preparation, storage and distribution including meal and snack patterns, food combinations, uses of food and beliefs about food.

26
Q

What are social factors influencing dietary intake and physical activity?

A

Income, gender, knowledge, skills and available resources have been identified as factors strongly influencing dietary and physical activity behaviours.

27
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: Food policy and regulatory environments

A
  • Health promotion programs
  • Food regulation and labelling
  • Food taxation (no goods and services taxation on fresh foods)
  • Food composition regulation
  • Food advertising regulation
  • Access to health and dietetic services
28
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: mass and social media

A
  • Thin ideal
  • Weight loss industry
  • Obesity stigmatisation
  • Fast food advertising to children
  • Food marketing
29
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: neighbourhood and area of residence

A
  • Access to recreation and leisure facilities
  • Options for active transport
  • Public safety
  • The density of fast food outlets
  • Food security
30
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: Employment and occuption

A
  • Income and wealth distribution
  • Unemployment
  • Work hours/unsocial hours
  • Hours spent sitting at work
  • Travel time to work
  • Food accessing the workplace
31
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: socio-demographics

A
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Indigenity
  • Age
  • Rurality
  • Income
  • Education
  • Social class
32
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: culture and social relations

A
  • Values
  • Foodways
  • Body ideals and obesity stigmatisation
  • A sedentary lifestyle and physical activity
  • Cultural capital: health and nutrition, literacy and knowledge
  • Social capital: networks, peers and family
33
Q

Social determinants of overweight and obesity: home environment

A
  • Role modelling
  • Family mealtimes
  • Eating food prepared outside the home
  • Exercise and transport
  • Home entertainment
  • Parenthood
34
Q

Social factors affecting obesity: income

A

Income is related to obesity through the affordability of a healthy diet and access to physical activity. Socio-economically disadvantaged individuals have lower levels of physical activity and may be nutritionally disadvantaged due to poor resources transportation and storage issues. Nicole Darmon and Adam Drenoswki found strong evidence that cost of food is positively associated with nutritional quality.

Consumers who want to eat less fattening foods can, in theory, exert their agency by purchasing low-fat or organically grown versions of products—as long as they can afford them, given such versions are usually more expensive.

35
Q

What is agency?

A

The ability of people, individually and collectively, to influence their own lives and the society in which they live.

36
Q

Social factors affecting obesity: education

A

The general level of education and health literacy have an impact on education. There was an inverse relationship between education level and obesity: the higher the level of education, the lower the prevalence of obesity.

Social patterning was more pronounced in women. Education can be inter-related between education level and obesity: the higher the level of education, the lower the prevalence of obesity.

37
Q

What is health literacy?

A

The extent to which people are able to find, understand, and apply information about health issues and health services.

38
Q

Social factors affecting obesity: employment and education

A
  • Unemployment has long been associated with poorer health outcomes
  • The type of employment may largely influence physical activity depending on how active or sedentary occupation is and whether the job involves unsocial work hours
39
Q

Social factors affecting obesity: area of residence

A

Influence of urban design, increasing number of dominant supermarkets and resulting ‘food deserts’ have been identified as factors influencing the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity.
Mapping studies show low SES areas have a higher density of takeaway food outlets. Lack of public transport in outer suburbs means a reliance on car travel, which decreases walking time.

40
Q

Social factors affecting obesity: home and family environment

A

Physical activity can be influenced through whether or not families play sport, or do something physically active for leisure.

Recent social change has seen particular changes in children with an increase in the amount of time that children, in particular, spend in sedentary leisure in front of digital smart screens (mobile, tablet, and internet TV), rather than active leisure playing outside.

Family eating environment - fast food, less reliance on food prepared outside the home

41
Q

What is food policy?

A

Policies that influence how food is grown, processed, distributed and marketed. Governments, and other large organisations such as health services, schools and workplaces, may develop food or nutrition policies.

The pricing of food was discussed in the section on income above, though other aspects of food availability and access are also influenced by food policy

HSBH1003 (12 decks)

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