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Embryology > Lect. 6: Head and Neck 1 > Flashcards

Lect. 6: Head and Neck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal pouches are made from what primary germ layer?

A

endoderm

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2
Q

Pharyngeal grooves (clefts) are made from what primary germ layer?

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

Pharyngeal arches are made from what primary germ layer?

A

mesoderm AND neural crest cells

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4
Q

How many pharyngeal grooves (clefts) are there?

A

four

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5
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there? Name them.

A

5 (1,2,3,4, and 6)

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6
Q

Name the 4 structures located within a pharyngeal arch.

A
  • arch cartilage
  • arch cranial nerve
  • arch artery
  • skeletal muscle
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7
Q

What structure that is found within the pharyngeal arch is NOT developed from the arch itself? What is it developed from?

A

arch cranial nerve is developed from neuroectoderm and grows in to the arch

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8
Q

What is the largest and most active pharyngeal arch?

A

first arch

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9
Q

What is another name for the 1st arch?

A

(mandibular arch)

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10
Q

What nerve supplies the 1st arch?

A

mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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11
Q

What muscles arise from the 1st arch?

A

MASS MATT

  • Muscles of mastication
  • Mylohyoid
  • Ant. Belly of digastric
  • Tensor tympani
  • Tensor veli palatini
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12
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structures arise from the 1st arch?

A

-malleus
-incus (both from middle ear)
-mandible
-maxilla
-zygomatic
-part of temporal
(builds most of facial bone structure)

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13
Q

What type of cells do the skeletal/cartilage structures that arise from pharyngeal arches arise from?

A

neural crest cells

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14
Q

What is the aortic arch component of pharyngeal arch 1?

A

very small arteries that he said not to worry about :)

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15
Q

What is the other name for the second pharyngeal arch?

A

hyoid arch

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16
Q

What nerve supplies the 2nd arch?

A

Facial (CN VII)

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17
Q

What muscles arise from the 2nd arch?

A

(muscles of facial expression)

  • stapedius
  • stylohyoid
  • posterior belly of digastric
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18
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structures arise from the 2nd arch?

A
  • stapes (middle ear)
  • styloid process
  • lesser horn of hyoid
  • upper body of hyoid
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19
Q

What is the aortic arch component of pharyngeal arch 2?

A

very small arteries that he said not to worry about :)

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20
Q

What nerve supplies the 3rd arch?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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21
Q

What is interesting about the 3rd arch?

A

only arch to develop only 1 muscle!

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22
Q

What muscle arises from the 3rd arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

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23
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structures arise from the 3rd arch?

A
  • greater horn of the hyoid

- lower part of the body of the hyoid

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24
Q

What is the aortic arch component of pharyngeal arch 3?

A

right and left common and internal carotid arteries

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25
Q

From what primary germ layer do the aortic arches arise?

A

mesoderm

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26
Q

What is the nerve supply to the 4th arch?

A

superior laryngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)

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27
Q

What muscles arise form the 4th arch?

A
  • caricothyroid
  • levator veli palatini (soft palate)
  • 5 pharyngeal muscles
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28
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structures arise from the 4th arch?

A

thyroid cartilage

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29
Q

What is the aortic arch component of pharyngeal arch 4?

A

right: subclavian
left: aortic arch between left subclavian and left common carotid

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply to the 5th arch?

A

trick question! there is no 5th arch! hehe

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31
Q

What is the nerve supply to the 6th arch?

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)

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32
Q

What muscles arise from the 6th arch?

A

laryngeal muscles

striated muscles of the esophagus

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33
Q

What skeletal/cartilage structures arise from the 6th arch?

A

laryngeal cartilages

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34
Q

What is the aortic arch component of pharyngeal arch 6?

A
  • right and left pulmonary arteries

- ductus arteriosus (from left side)

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35
Q

What are the 3 major actions of the vagus nerve (meaning what are the function of its muscles)?

A
  • vocalization
  • swallowing (5 out of 6)
  • “Ahh” (all but 1 uvula muscle)
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36
Q

What innervates the 7 muscles of the orbit?

A

CN III, IV, and VI

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37
Q

What innervates muscles of the tongue?

A

CN XII

38
Q

What do the muscles of the orbit and tongue develop from?

A

mesoderm of somitomeres (upper occipital somites)

39
Q

A neural crest cell migration defect of the 1st arch results in what (general)? Name 2 specific symdromes.

A

major face malformation

1) Treacher Collins syndrome
2) Pierre Robin sequence

40
Q

What type of motor fibers do CN V, VII, IX, and X contain?

A

BE fibers!

41
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 1?

A

epithelial lining of auditory tube and middle ear (tympanic) cavity

42
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 2?

A

epithelial lining of crypts of palatine tonsil

43
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 3?

A

inferior parathyroid gland (ventral) and thymus (dorsal)

44
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

superior parathyroid gland (ventral) and ultimobranchial body (dorsal)

45
Q

What is the ultimobranchial body?

A

“last pouch”- neural crest cells migrate into this to form parafollocular (C) cells of the thyroid–which make calcitonin

46
Q

What is unique about the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches?

A

they have dorsal and ventral extensions

47
Q

True or false, pouch derivatives from the 3rd arch migrate further than the 4th arch.

A

true!

48
Q

Why are ectopic thymic tissue and parathyroid glands common?

A

because the thymus must descend to the mediastinum and the 3rd and 4th arches migrate (in general)

49
Q

What is the only pharyngeal groove that forms an adult structure? What is this structure?

A

1st cleft forms external auditory canal

50
Q

What happens with the other 3 pharyngeal grooves? Why is this important?

A

the 2nd pharyngeal arch grows down to cover the 3rd and 4th arches, this closes off grooves 2-4 so that we do not have gills

51
Q

What is formed by the overgrowth of the 2nd pharyngeal arch over the grooves?

A

lateral cervical sinus

52
Q

What is the common fate of the lateral cervical sinus?

A

usually obliterates and closes off

53
Q

What happens if the lateral cervical sinus does not close off? Where is this commonly identified in adults?

A

cervical cyst (found along the SCM muscle)

54
Q

Why is the ear said to be of “dual development”?

A

outer ear is formed from ectoderm

middle ear is formed from 1st pouch endoderm

55
Q

Name the 3 glands that are of “dual development”.

A

1) adrenal gland
2) pituitary gland
3) thyroid gland

56
Q

What is the origin of the adrenal gland?

A 
cortex= mesoderm
medulla= neural crest cells
57
Q

What is the origin of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior: ectoderm (of Rathke’s pouch)
posterior: neural crest cells

58
Q

Does the thyroid gland develop from pouch endoderm?

A

NO!

59
Q

Describe the development of the thyroid gland.

A

thickening of midline floor endoderm at foramen cecum (thyroid diverticulum) and vertical descent

neural crest cells develop parafollecular (C) cells of the thyroid too!

60
Q

What connects the thyroid gland to the foramen cecum that usually obliterates in adulthood?

A

thyroglossal duct

61
Q

What is it called when ectopic remnants of the thyroglossal duct are left in the path of descent from the foramen cecum?

A

thyroglossal cysts

62
Q

Where are thyroglossal cysts usually found in patients?

A

midline of neck!

63
Q

What is the fate of the foramen cecum?

A

gets terminated into tongue and divides it into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3

64
Q

What is Pierre Robin sequence?

A

first arch syndrome (of neural crest cells) that results in:

  • poor mandibular growth
  • cleft palate
  • posteriorly placed tongue
65
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

first arch syndrome (of neural crest cells) that results in:

  • mandibular hypoplasia
  • zygomatic hypoplasia
  • malformed ears
  • etc.
66
Q

What is DiGeorge sequence?

A

pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 fail to differentiate into the parathyroid glands and thymus (neural crest cell defect)

67
Q

The first arch forms what components of the developing tongue?

A
  • lateral lingual swelling

- median lingual swelling (tongue bud)

68
Q

The second arch forms what components of the developing tongue?

A

copula and facial nerve to taste buds

69
Q

The third arch forms what components of the developing tongue?

A

hypopharyngeal eminence (with a little help from 4?)

70
Q

The 4th arch froms what components of the developing tongue?

A

epiglottis

71
Q

What do the lateral lingual swellings form in the adult tongue?

A

anterior 2/3 of tongue (why innervation is via V3)

72
Q

What does the hypoharyngeal eminence form in the adult tongue?

A

posterior 1/3 (major)

73
Q

What does arch 2 contribute to in the developed tongue?

A

taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue (via CN VII) because the copula degrades

74
Q

Where do the 5 facial prominences arise from? What tissues?

A

first arch (mesoderm and neural crest)

75
Q

Name the 5 facial prominences.

A

1) frontonasal prominence
2&3) two maxillary prominences
4&5) two mandibular prominences

76
Q

What forms the “mouth part” of the developing face? How does this happen?

A

oropharyngeal membrane breaks down by end of the 4th week

77
Q

The nasal placodes form in what facial prominence? When?

A

by 5th week, nasal placodes begin to thicken in the lower portion of the frontonasal prominence

78
Q

The frontonasal prominence forms what?

A

forehead and cranium

bridge of nose too!

79
Q

The mandibular prominences fuse to form what?

A

lower jaw and lip

80
Q

What is formed by the fusion of the medial nasal placode and the maxillary prominences?

A

philtrum of upper lip

81
Q

What is formed by the fusion of the lateral nasal placode and the maxillary process?

A

lateral part of the mouth

82
Q

The medial nasal prominences form what?

A

philtrum of upper lip, tip of nose, intermaxillary process

83
Q

The lateral nasal prominences form what?

A

ala of nose

84
Q

The maxillary prominence forms what?

A

central face, lower eyelid, and lateral upper lip

85
Q

Cleft lip occurs when what two facial components fail to fuse?

A

maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominence

86
Q

What are the 2 portions of the hard palate?

A

1) primary palate

2) secondary palate

87
Q

What is the primary palate? What is the source of this?

A

intermaxillary segment (via medial nasal prominence)

88
Q

What is the secondary palate? What is the source of this?

A

palatine shelves (from maxillary processes)

89
Q

What is more anterior palatine shelves or intermaxillary segment?

A

intermaxillary segment

90
Q

Explain the formation of the secondary palate.

A

palatine shelves fuse and zip up the midline

91
Q

What are the 2 causes of cleft palate?

A

1) secondary palates fail to fuse with primary palate

2) secondary palates fail to fuse with each other

Embryology (6 decks)

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