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VETM Clinical Pathology > Lect 3 - Leukocytes > Flashcards

Lect 3 - Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Starting from the stem cell, name the stages of a maturation of a neutrophil [7]

A

Stem cell > myeloblast > progranulocyte > myelocyte > metamyelocyte > band neutrophil > segment neutrophil

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2
Q

In the bone marrow neutrophils are in 2 compartments: List the compartments and what they contain

A

Proliferation and maturation pool - stem cell and precursor up to myelocyte stage
Maturation and storage pool (post mitotic pool) - metamyelocytes, bands and mature granulocytes

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3
Q

The maturation and storage pool of neutrophils vary in size, which species has a large pool [2] and which has a small pool

A

Largest - Dogs and Cats

Small - Cow

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4
Q

Within the post mitotic pool is a sub pool, what is it called and what does it contain

A

SNP (storage neutrophils pool) and contains segmented neutrophils

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5
Q

What growth factors stimulate granulocyte differentiation [5]

A

IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF

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6
Q

How many days does it take for a stem cell to mature into a neutrophil

A

4-9day

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7
Q

WBC morphology - toxic changes indicates

A

Moderate to severe inflammation (most common cause) or drug toxicity during maturation in bone marrow

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8
Q

The four indicators of toxic change are

A

Cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies
Vacuolated cytoplasm
Toxic granulation

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9
Q

Dohle bodies are commonly seen in what species

A

Cats

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10
Q

Toxic granulation most commonly seen in what species

A

Horse

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11
Q

Abnormal granulation or vacuolation of neutrophils can be produced by

A

MPS

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12
Q

Hyposegmentation of neutrophils can be due to

A

Part of left shift if cells are immature

Pelger-Huet anomaly if nuclei mature but not segmented

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13
Q

Hypersegmentation of neutrophils can be due to

A

Aged neutrophils with prolonged blood transit time (via corticosteroids)

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14
Q

Typically, bone marrow samples are collected from sites that are expected to have active
haematopoietic tissue. What are the sites for these various animals:
In Dogs and Cats [2]
Horse
Cattle

A

In Dogs and Cats - iliac crest or proximal femur or humerus
Horse - sternebrae
Cattle - proximal ribs

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15
Q

The blood neutrophils can be divided into two pools

A

Circulating neutrophil pool (CNP)

Marginating neutrophil pool (MNP)

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16
Q

The MNP is equal to the CNP in what species? [3] but 3x larger in what other species?

A

Dog, horse and calf

Cat

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17
Q

What are the avain equivalent to mammalian neutrophils

A

Heterophils

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18
Q

The migration of neutrophils due to chemical substances generated by injured tissue

A

Chemotaxis

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19
Q

A left shift means

A

The number of immature neutrophils (usually bands) exceeds the reference range but is still less than the number of nuetrophils

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20
Q

Regenerative left shift is

A

neutrophilia with a left shift is present and the mature neutrophils (segmenters) predominate

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21
Q

Degenerative left shifts means

A

The number of immature granulocytes equals to or is greater than the number of segmenters

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22
Q

Degenerative left shifts usually implies severe disease with a guarded prognosis for all species except

A

The cow

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23
Q

Common causes of neutrophilia [4]

A

Physiological
Corticosteroid - associated
Inflammation and/or infection induced
Neutrophilia due to myeloproliferative disease

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24
Q

Physiological neutrophilia is associated with? when does it occur?

A

Epinephrine release

Fear, excitement, strenuous exercise or iatrogenic epinephrine

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25
Q

CBC of a physiological neutrophilia is characterized by

A

Leukocytosis, a mild neutrophilia without a left shift. Eosinophil or monocyte counts may or may not be increased

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26
Q

Corticosteroid-associated neutrophilia occurs as a result of

A

Endogenous cortisol release from the adrenal gland, or the administration of corticosteroids or ACTH

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27
Q

Potential causes of increased endogenous release of corticosteroids are

A

Pain, prolonged emotional stress, abnormal body temperature and hyperadrenocorticism

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28
Q

The stress leukon includes

A

Leukocytosis with neutrophilia (with or without a slight shift), monocytosis (especially dogs), lymphopenia (most consistent change) and eosinopenia

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29
Q

Neutrophilia is expected if there is substantial acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissues or internal tissues but Inflammation in the brain, spinal cord, superficial cutaneous tissues, lower urinary tract may not cause a neutrophilia, why?

A

b/c mediators are lost thru the urine and skin, or do not leave the protective environment of the brain or spinal cord

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30
Q

What species can respond with dramatic neutrophilia [2]

A

Dog and Cat

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31
Q

Which bacteria produces the greatest neutrophilia

A

Pyogenic

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32
Q

What is a leukaemoid reaction? When may you see this reaction

A

Occurs in dogs
Marked leukocytosis due to marked neutrophilia and a severe left shift

Pyometra

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33
Q

Neutropenia occurs as a result of [4]

A

Defective marrow neutrophil production
Shift from CNP to MNP
Emigration from blood
Immune mediated destruction

34
Q

Neutropenia is synonymous with leukopenia in what species [2]

A

Dog and Cat

35
Q

The major clinical consequence of neutropenia is

A

Infection

36
Q

Reduced stem cell production of neutrophils

is a result of [3]

A

Stem cell death
Reduction in haemopoietic space
Cyclic stem cell proliferation

37
Q

How does parvovirus cause neutropenia

A

Stem cell injury and emigration of neutrophils from circulation

38
Q

Due to the small SNP in the bone marrow this species experiences a neutropenia that does not carry a grave prognosis

A

Cows

39
Q

Give the names of some abnormalities of neutrophils [3]

A

Cyclic haemopoieses
Pelger-Huet anomaly
Chediak-Higashi sydrome

40
Q

Cyclic haemopoiesis occurs in what breed of dog

A

Grey Collie

41
Q

This neutrophil anomaly occurs in Aleutian mink, Killer Whales, Humans and Cats. Cats often have diluted blue smoke hair colour and yellow green eyes. Neutropenia is a common finding

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

42
Q

Lymphocytes are found [3]

A

Lymphoid tisses (lymph node, spleen, tonsil, thymus, GIT and bronhus)
Bone marrow
Blood

43
Q

Lymphocytes are small mononuclear cells but these species have both large and small [2]

A

Horse and Cow

44
Q

These reactive lymphocytes are seen following antigenic stimulation

A

Immunocytes

45
Q

What are types if lymphoid cells [4]

A

T and B
Plasma
Lymphoblast
NK

46
Q

Where do T and B lymphocytes mature and what are their function. How long is their life span.

A

T - thymus, cell mediated immunity, mths to yrs

B - Bone marrow, humoral, dys to wks

47
Q

Lyphocytosis can be caused by several things including [5]

A 
Physiological lymphocytosis
Prolonged or Abnormal antigen stimulation
Hypoadrenocortism
Persistent lyphocytosis in cattle
Lymphoid neoplasia
48
Q

Physiological lymphocytosis can be seen in what species [3]

A

Commonly in cats
Horses
Occasionally in dogs

49
Q

Physiological lymptocytosis is cause by what

A

Catecholamine release

During fear, restraint, excitement, exercise

50
Q

A normal lymphocyte count or lymphocytosis in severely ill and stressed dog should arouse suspicion of

A

Hypoadrenocortism (Addison’s disease)

51
Q

Persistent lymphocytosis in cattle:-
This is a sub-clinical, non-neoplastic condition caused by. This is diagnosed after the absolute lymphocyte count is above normal for

A

BLV

3mths

Very young cattle may exhibit a lymphocytosis in response to infection or inflammation. This does not mean BLV infection.

52
Q

Some causes of lymphopenia are [4]

A

Corticosteroid-associted lymphocytosis
Lymphopenia in acute infections
Loss, sequestration, blockage of lymph flow
Lymphocyte deficiencies

53
Q

Corticosteroid-associted lymphopenia may occur due to

A

Exogenous admin of ACTH or corticosteroid or endogenous release

54
Q

Internal loss of lymphocytes can be seen with

A

Chylothorax in cats

55
Q

B lymphocyte deficiency can be seen in what species

A

Arabian foals

56
Q

The monocyte is the immature cell in the blood that becomes

A

Tissue macrophage

57
Q

What are the steps on the maturation of the monoctye [4]

A

Monoblast > promonocyte > monocyte > macrophage

58
Q

Causes of monocytosis are [3]

A

Acute or chronic infection/inflammation/necrosis
Steroids
Monocytic or Myelomonocytic leukaemias

59
Q

Monocytosis from infections/inflammation/necrosis very often accompanies a

A

Neutrophilia

60
Q

The monocytosis due to steroids is usually observed in which species [2]

A

Dogs and Cats

61
Q

The monocytosis due to steroids is accompanied by

A

Neutrophilia, Lymphopenia and sometimes an eosinopenia

62
Q

Eosinophils are recognized by the bright red-orange granules in what type of stain

A

Romanowsky

63
Q

“Moth-eaten,” vacuolated, or degranulated eosinophils in health

A

Grey Hounds

64
Q

Eosinophil production and maturation is mediated by [2]

A

IL-5 produced by T-lymphocytes

65
Q

Eosinophils migrate from the blood primarily to the

A

Skin, GIT, RespT

66
Q

Causes of eosinophilia are [4]

A

Parasitism
Inflammation and or hypersensitivity reactions
Hyperesoinophilic syndromes
Tumor-associated eosinphilia

67
Q

Eosinophilia is seen commonly in parasitic infestations, but is very uncommon with

A

Intracellular parasites protozoan infections

68
Q

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes are most commonly seen in what species [2]

A

Cat and Rottweiler

69
Q

Eosinopenia may be cause by [2]

A

Acute Infection/inflammation

Corticosteriod-associated eosinopenia

70
Q

Eosinopenia occurs with endogenous corticosteroid release associated

A

Acute stress or hyperadrenocortism

71
Q

Basophil differentiation is controlled by

A

IL3

72
Q

Basophils stained with Romanowsky, stains the granules stain dark purple in most domestic animals except the

A

Cat in which they stain grey-blue when mature and are numerous

73
Q

Basophilia usually occurs concurrently with

A

Eosinophilia

74
Q

Basophilia is caused by [4]

A

Parasitism
Hypersensitivity and or inflammatory lesions
In occult heartworm infestation
Neoplasia

75
Q

Leukocytosis can be cause by [3]

A

Physiological leukocytosis
Corticosteroid-associated leukocytosis
Leukocytosis in inflammatory disease

76
Q

Physiological Leukocytosis:-

The elevated WBC count is characterized by

A

A neutrophilia without a left shift, normal or

elevated lymphocyte count and normal counts of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

77
Q

Corticosteroid-associated leukocytosis:-

The elevated WBC count is characterized by

A

a neutrophilia without a left shift or with a slight left shift, a lymphopenia and eosinopenia, and in some species a monocytosis

78
Q

Leukocytosis in Inflammatory Disease:-

The elevated WBC count is characterized by a

A

Neutrophilia with/without a left shift and a possible monocytosis

79
Q

In ruminant and horses, ____ may be the only laboratory sign of inflammation

A

Hyperfibrogenaemia

80
Q

Leukopenias are usually due to

A

Neutropenia in dogs, cats and horses

Lymphopenia in ruminants

VETM Clinical Pathology (4 decks)

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