Lect 3 - Leukocytes Flashcards by Amanda Ramkissoon

Starting from the stem cell, name the stages of a maturation of a neutrophil [7]

Stem cell > myeloblast > progranulocyte > myelocyte > metamyelocyte > band neutrophil > segment neutrophil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the bone marrow neutrophils are in 2 compartments: List the compartments and what they contain

Proliferation and maturation pool - stem cell and precursor up to myelocyte stage
Maturation and storage pool (post mitotic pool) - metamyelocytes, bands and mature granulocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The maturation and storage pool of neutrophils vary in size, which species has a large pool [2] and which has a small pool

Largest - Dogs and Cats

Small - Cow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Within the post mitotic pool is a sub pool, what is it called and what does it contain

SNP (storage neutrophils pool) and contains segmented neutrophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What growth factors stimulate granulocyte differentiation [5]

IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many days does it take for a stem cell to mature into a neutrophil

4-9day

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

WBC morphology - toxic changes indicates

Moderate to severe inflammation (most common cause) or drug toxicity during maturation in bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The four indicators of toxic change are

Cytoplasmic basophilia
Dohle bodies
Vacuolated cytoplasm
Toxic granulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dohle bodies are commonly seen in what species

Cats

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Toxic granulation most commonly seen in what species

Horse

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal granulation or vacuolation of neutrophils can be produced by

MPS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyposegmentation of neutrophils can be due to

Part of left shift if cells are immature

Pelger-Huet anomaly if nuclei mature but not segmented

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypersegmentation of neutrophils can be due to

Aged neutrophils with prolonged blood transit time (via corticosteroids)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typically, bone marrow samples are collected from sites that are expected to have active
haematopoietic tissue. What are the sites for these various animals:
In Dogs and Cats [2]
Horse
Cattle

In Dogs and Cats - iliac crest or proximal femur or humerus
Horse - sternebrae
Cattle - proximal ribs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The blood neutrophils can be divided into two pools

Circulating neutrophil pool (CNP)

Marginating neutrophil pool (MNP)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The MNP is equal to the CNP in what species? [3] but 3x larger in what other species?

Dog, horse and calf

Cat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the avain equivalent to mammalian neutrophils

Heterophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The migration of neutrophils due to chemical substances generated by injured tissue

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A left shift means

The number of immature neutrophils (usually bands) exceeds the reference range but is still less than the number of nuetrophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regenerative left shift is

neutrophilia with a left shift is present and the mature neutrophils (segmenters) predominate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Degenerative left shifts means

The number of immature granulocytes equals to or is greater than the number of segmenters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Degenerative left shifts usually implies severe disease with a guarded prognosis for all species except

The cow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common causes of neutrophilia [4]

Physiological
Corticosteroid - associated
Inflammation and/or infection induced
Neutrophilia due to myeloproliferative disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Physiological neutrophilia is associated with? when does it occur?

Epinephrine release

Fear, excitement, strenuous exercise or iatrogenic epinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CBC of a physiological neutrophilia is characterized by

Leukocytosis, a mild neutrophilia without a left shift. Eosinophil or monocyte counts may or may not be increased

Corticosteroid-associated neutrophilia occurs as a result of

Endogenous cortisol release from the adrenal gland, or the administration of corticosteroids or ACTH

Potential causes of increased endogenous release of corticosteroids are

Pain, prolonged emotional stress, abnormal body temperature and hyperadrenocorticism

The stress leukon includes

Leukocytosis with neutrophilia (with or without a slight shift), monocytosis (especially dogs), lymphopenia (most consistent change) and eosinopenia

Neutrophilia is expected if there is substantial acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissues or internal tissues but Inflammation in the brain, spinal cord, superficial cutaneous tissues, lower urinary tract may not cause a neutrophilia, why?

b/c mediators are lost thru the urine and skin, or do not leave the protective environment of the brain or spinal cord

What species can respond with dramatic neutrophilia [2]

Dog and Cat

Which bacteria produces the greatest neutrophilia

Pyogenic

What is a leukaemoid reaction? When may you see this reaction

Occurs in dogs Marked leukocytosis due to marked neutrophilia and a severe left shift Pyometra

Neutropenia occurs as a result of [4]

Defective marrow neutrophil production Shift from CNP to MNP Emigration from blood Immune mediated destruction

Neutropenia is synonymous with leukopenia in what species [2]

Dog and Cat

The major clinical consequence of neutropenia is

Infection

Reduced stem cell production of neutrophils | is a result of [3]

Stem cell death Reduction in haemopoietic space Cyclic stem cell proliferation

How does parvovirus cause neutropenia

Stem cell injury and emigration of neutrophils from circulation

Due to the small SNP in the bone marrow this species experiences a neutropenia that does not carry a grave prognosis

Cows

Give the names of some abnormalities of neutrophils [3]

Cyclic haemopoieses Pelger-Huet anomaly Chediak-Higashi sydrome

Cyclic haemopoiesis occurs in what breed of dog

Grey Collie

This neutrophil anomaly occurs in Aleutian mink, Killer Whales, Humans and Cats. Cats often have diluted blue smoke hair colour and yellow green eyes. Neutropenia is a common finding

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Lymphocytes are found [3]

Lymphoid tisses (lymph node, spleen, tonsil, thymus, GIT and bronhus) Bone marrow Blood

Lymphocytes are small mononuclear cells but these species have both large and small [2]

Horse and Cow

These reactive lymphocytes are seen following antigenic stimulation

Immunocytes

What are types if lymphoid cells [4]

T and B Plasma Lymphoblast NK

Where do T and B lymphocytes mature and what are their function. How long is their life span.

T - thymus, cell mediated immunity, mths to yrs | B - Bone marrow, humoral, dys to wks

Lyphocytosis can be caused by several things including [5]

``` Physiological lymphocytosis Prolonged or Abnormal antigen stimulation Hypoadrenocortism Persistent lyphocytosis in cattle Lymphoid neoplasia ```

Physiological lymphocytosis can be seen in what species [3]

Commonly in cats Horses Occasionally in dogs

Physiological lymptocytosis is cause by what

Catecholamine release During fear, restraint, excitement, exercise

A normal lymphocyte count or lymphocytosis in severely ill and stressed dog should arouse suspicion of

Hypoadrenocortism (Addison's disease)

Persistent lymphocytosis in cattle:- This is a sub-clinical, non-neoplastic condition caused by. This is diagnosed after the absolute lymphocyte count is above normal for

BLV 3mths Very young cattle may exhibit a lymphocytosis in response to infection or inflammation. This does not mean BLV infection.

Some causes of lymphopenia are [4]

Corticosteroid-associted lymphocytosis Lymphopenia in acute infections Loss, sequestration, blockage of lymph flow Lymphocyte deficiencies

Corticosteroid-associted lymphopenia may occur due to

Exogenous admin of ACTH or corticosteroid or endogenous release

Internal loss of lymphocytes can be seen with

Chylothorax in cats

B lymphocyte deficiency can be seen in what species

Arabian foals

The monocyte is the immature cell in the blood that becomes

Tissue macrophage

What are the steps on the maturation of the monoctye [4]

Monoblast > promonocyte > monocyte > macrophage

Causes of monocytosis are [3]

Acute or chronic infection/inflammation/necrosis Steroids Monocytic or Myelomonocytic leukaemias

Monocytosis from infections/inflammation/necrosis very often accompanies a

Neutrophilia

The monocytosis due to steroids is usually observed in which species [2]

Dogs and Cats

The monocytosis due to steroids is accompanied by

Neutrophilia, Lymphopenia and sometimes an eosinopenia

Eosinophils are recognized by the bright red-orange granules in what type of stain

Romanowsky

“Moth-eaten,” vacuolated, or degranulated eosinophils in health

Grey Hounds

Eosinophil production and maturation is mediated by [2]

IL-5 produced by T-lymphocytes

Eosinophils migrate from the blood primarily to the

Skin, GIT, RespT

Causes of eosinophilia are [4]

Parasitism Inflammation and or hypersensitivity reactions Hyperesoinophilic syndromes Tumor-associated eosinphilia

Eosinophilia is seen commonly in parasitic infestations, but is very uncommon with

Intracellular parasites protozoan infections

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes are most commonly seen in what species [2]

Cat and Rottweiler

Eosinopenia may be cause by [2]

Acute Infection/inflammation | Corticosteriod-associated eosinopenia

Eosinopenia occurs with endogenous corticosteroid release associated

Acute stress or hyperadrenocortism

Basophil differentiation is controlled by

IL3

Basophils stained with Romanowsky, stains the granules stain dark purple in most domestic animals except the

Cat in which they stain grey-blue when mature and are numerous

Basophilia usually occurs concurrently with

Eosinophilia

Basophilia is caused by [4]

Parasitism Hypersensitivity and or inflammatory lesions In occult heartworm infestation Neoplasia

Leukocytosis can be cause by [3]

Physiological leukocytosis Corticosteroid-associated leukocytosis Leukocytosis in inflammatory disease

Physiological Leukocytosis:- | The elevated WBC count is characterized by

A neutrophilia without a left shift, normal or | elevated lymphocyte count and normal counts of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes

Corticosteroid-associated leukocytosis:- | The elevated WBC count is characterized by

a neutrophilia without a left shift or with a slight left shift, a lymphopenia and eosinopenia, and in some species a monocytosis

Leukocytosis in Inflammatory Disease:- | The elevated WBC count is characterized by a

Neutrophilia with/without a left shift and a possible monocytosis

In ruminant and horses, ____ may be the only laboratory sign of inflammation

Hyperfibrogenaemia

Leukopenias are usually due to

Neutropenia in dogs, cats and horses | Lymphopenia in ruminants

Lect 3 - Leukocytes Flashcards

(80 cards)