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Behavioral Science & Psychiatry Exam I > LECT 3 | Karius Physiology > Flashcards

LECT 3 | Karius Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotion?

A

Physiologic responses to emotions

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2
Q

Which emotions (2) are mediated by the amygdala?

A
  1. Fear 2. Anger
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3
Q

Which emotion is mediated by the insula?

A

Disgust

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4
Q

The hippocampus links emotion to what?

A

Memory creation

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5
Q

The parahippocampal regions are linked to which emotion?

A

Surprise

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6
Q

The anterior cingulate cortex mediates which emotion?

A

Sadness

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7
Q

If the smell of a shirt reminds you of your mom, which area of the brain is being activated?

A

Olfactory cortex

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8
Q

What are the two pathways in which sensory input arrives at the amygdala to mediate fear?

A
  1. Direct thalamo-amygdaloid pathway to lateral nucleus of amygdala (mediates rapid responses) 2. Indirect thalamo-cortico-amygdaloid pathway to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (takes longer, mediates later responses)
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9
Q

What is the role of the neocortex, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and septal nuclei in emotion?

A

Suppressing fear

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10
Q

Which emotion is impaired in Huntington’s disease, due to damage of the insular cortex and putamen?

A

Disgust

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11
Q

In which region of the brain involved in emotion do the neurons exhibit after-discharge?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

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12
Q

If something really pisses me off but then I see a cute puppy run by, which part of the brain is detecting the conflict between my current mood and the stimulus that has the potential to change my mood?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ventral region)

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13
Q

Which regions of the brain (2) are involved in Top-Down control of emotion?

A
  1. Anterior Cingulate Cortex 2. Prefrontal Cortex
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14
Q

Which region of the prefrontal cortex is involved in reward processing?

A

Orbitofrontal region

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15
Q

Which region of the brain has external neurons that are active when observing a behavior and internal neurons when the behavior is generated internally?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

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16
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for your “gut feeling”?

A

Prefrontal Cortex (ventromedial)

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17
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for delayed gratification (should I show this emotion now or later?)

A

Prefrontal Cortex (ventromedial)

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18
Q

Which region of the prefrontal cortex receives motor input?

A

Dorsolateral

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19
Q

In the production of fear, where specifically do the sensory inputs arrive?

A

Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

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20
Q

What is the role of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala after receiving sensory input? Where is the info sent after that?

A

Role: pairs the external stimulus and the event (learned fear) Info is then sent to the basal and intercalated nuclei for additional processing

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21
Q

After the lateral nucleus of the amygdala pairs the info and the basal and intercalated nuclei processes the info, where is it sent next?

A

Central nucleus of the amygdala which decides what to do next (e.g can communicate with hypothalamus to produce a physiologic response)

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22
Q

Which emotion requires dopamine acting on D2 receptors?

A

Anger

23
Q

At a neuronal level, cognition is produced by extensive synaptic interactions produced by which cells?

A

Pyramidal cells of all the neocortical association areas

24
Q

List the four components of language pathways

A
  1. Conceptual 2. Mediational 3. Language implementation 4. Speech
25
Q

Which language pathway contains the noun mediation area?

A

Conceptual

26
Q

Which language pathway relays info from the conceptual pathway to the language implementation pathway?

A

Mediational pathway

27
Q

Which language pathway contains Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas?

A

Language implementation pathway

28
Q

How old are we when we are considered “language universalists”?

A

< 6 months

29
Q

At what age do our brains start to recognize specific sounds within a native language as well as start to prune out the use of phonemes that don’t occur in our language?

A

6-9 months

30
Q

At what age does “babbling” begin to convert to true spoken language?

A

1 year

31
Q

Describe the difference between learning a second language in infants vs. adults.

A

Infants: learned during the language acquisition phase, so it activates the same pathway/area of the brain as the first language; all spoken words intermingled regardless of language Adults: learned after the language acquisition phase, so it is coded for in a different pathway/area of the brain (adjacent to Broca’s) as the first language; languages are distinct and separate

32
Q

Which part(s) of the brain is responsible for initial facial recognition?

A

Superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)

33
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for the classic gaze pattern when we look at somebody else’s face (eyes, nose, mouth)?

A

Amygdala

34
Q

Which system is responsible for identifying somebody’s motor action?

A

Posterior mirror neuron system

35
Q

Which system is responsible for identifying the goal of somebody’s motor action?

A

Anterior mirror neuron system

36
Q

The circuit for imitating somebody is believed to interact with the limbic system via which structure?

A

Insula

37
Q

What is prosody?

A

The tone and rhythm of somebody’s voice/speech

38
Q

List the (3) locations involved in the perception of prosody, in sequential order.

A
  1. Primary auditory complex 2. Posterior sector of superior temporal sulcus 3. Frontal cortex
39
Q

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for processing pitch, volume, and other characteristics of the sound?

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

40
Q

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for piecing together the meaning of the sound?

A

Posterior sector of the Superior Temporal Sulcus

41
Q

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for judging the emotional content of the sound?

A

Frontal Cortex

42
Q

“The ability to understand the mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own” describes which component of social cognition?

A

Theory of Mind

43
Q

Which regions of the brain (3) make up the core pathway, a requirement for the Theory of Mind?

A
  1. Orbitofrontal areas 2. Amygdala 3. Temporal lobes (medial)
44
Q

Role: Stimulus Encoding System

A

Predicts the consequences of actions

45
Q

Components (3): Stimulus Encoding System

A
  1. Orbitofrontal cortex 2. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 3. Striatum
46
Q

Is the Stimulus Encoding System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

A

Known (explicit) risks

47
Q

Role: Expected Reward System

A

Predicts the expected reward (duh)

48
Q

Components (4): Expected Reward System

A
  1. Basal ganglia 2. Amygdala 3. Insular cortex 4. Intraparietal cortex
49
Q

Is the Expected Reward System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

A

Unknown (ambiguous) risks

50
Q

Roles (2): Action Selection System

A
  1. Learns and encodes the results 2. Detects error (learning from mistakes)
51
Q

Component (1): Action Selection System

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

52
Q

Is the Action Selection System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

A

Unknown (ambiguous) risks

53
Q

Define social cognition.

A

An individual’s ability to infer the emotional state of another person from observable information, such as prosody and facial expression

Behavioral Science & Psychiatry Exam I (3 decks)

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