LECT 3 | Karius Physiology

Question 1

What is the role of the hypothalamus in emotion?

Answer 1

Physiologic responses to emotions

Question 2

Which emotions (2) are mediated by the amygdala?

Answer 2

1. Fear 2. Anger

Question 3

Which emotion is mediated by the insula?

Answer 3

Disgust

Question 4

The hippocampus links emotion to what?

Answer 4

Memory creation

Question 5

The parahippocampal regions are linked to which emotion?

Answer 5

Surprise

Question 6

The anterior cingulate cortex mediates which emotion?

Answer 6

Sadness

Question 7

If the smell of a shirt reminds you of your mom, which area of the brain is being activated?

Answer 7

Olfactory cortex

Question 8

What are the two pathways in which sensory input arrives at the amygdala to mediate fear?

Answer 8

1. Direct thalamo-amygdaloid pathway to lateral nucleus of amygdala (mediates rapid responses) 2. Indirect thalamo-cortico-amygdaloid pathway to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (takes longer, mediates later responses)

Question 9

What is the role of the neocortex, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and septal nuclei in emotion?

Answer 9

Suppressing fear

Question 10

Which emotion is impaired in Huntington’s disease, due to damage of the insular cortex and putamen?

Answer 10

Disgust

Question 11

In which region of the brain involved in emotion do the neurons exhibit after-discharge?

Answer 11

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 12

If something really pisses me off but then I see a cute puppy run by, which part of the brain is detecting the conflict between my current mood and the stimulus that has the potential to change my mood?

Answer 12

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ventral region)

Question 13

Which regions of the brain (2) are involved in Top-Down control of emotion?

Answer 13

1. Anterior Cingulate Cortex 2. Prefrontal Cortex

Question 14

Which region of the prefrontal cortex is involved in reward processing?

Answer 14

Orbitofrontal region

Question 15

Which region of the brain has external neurons that are active when observing a behavior and internal neurons when the behavior is generated internally?

Answer 15

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 16

Which region of the brain is responsible for your “gut feeling”?

Answer 16

Prefrontal Cortex (ventromedial)

Question 17

Which region of the brain is responsible for delayed gratification (should I show this emotion now or later?)

Answer 17

Prefrontal Cortex (ventromedial)

Question 18

Which region of the prefrontal cortex receives motor input?

Answer 18

Dorsolateral

Question 19

In the production of fear, where specifically do the sensory inputs arrive?

Answer 19

Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 20

What is the role of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala after receiving sensory input? Where is the info sent after that?

Answer 20

Role: pairs the external stimulus and the event (learned fear) Info is then sent to the basal and intercalated nuclei for additional processing

Question 21

After the lateral nucleus of the amygdala pairs the info and the basal and intercalated nuclei processes the info, where is it sent next?

Answer 21

Central nucleus of the amygdala which decides what to do next (e.g can communicate with hypothalamus to produce a physiologic response)

Question 22

Which emotion requires dopamine acting on D2 receptors?

Answer 22

Anger

Question 23

At a neuronal level, cognition is produced by extensive synaptic interactions produced by which cells?

Answer 23

Pyramidal cells of all the neocortical association areas

Question 24

List the four components of language pathways

Answer 24

1. Conceptual 2. Mediational 3. Language implementation 4. Speech

Question 25

Which language pathway contains the noun mediation area?

Answer 25

Conceptual

Question 26

Which language pathway relays info from the conceptual pathway to the language implementation pathway?

Answer 26

Mediational pathway

Question 27

Which language pathway contains Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas?

Answer 27

Language implementation pathway

Question 28

How old are we when we are considered "language universalists"?

Answer 28

< 6 months

Question 29

At what age do our brains start to recognize specific sounds within a native language as well as start to prune out the use of phonemes that don’t occur in our language?

Answer 29

6-9 months

Question 30

At what age does "babbling" begin to convert to true spoken language?

Answer 30

1 year

Question 31

Describe the difference between learning a second language in infants vs. adults.

Answer 31

Infants: learned during the language acquisition phase, so it activates the same pathway/area of the brain as the first language; all spoken words intermingled regardless of language Adults: learned after the language acquisition phase, so it is coded for in a different pathway/area of the brain (adjacent to Broca’s) as the first language; languages are distinct and separate

Question 32

Which part(s) of the brain is responsible for initial facial recognition?

Answer 32

Superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)

Question 33

Which part of the brain is responsible for the classic gaze pattern when we look at somebody else's face (eyes, nose, mouth)?

Answer 33

Amygdala

Question 34

Which system is responsible for identifying somebody's motor action?

Answer 34

Posterior mirror neuron system

Question 35

Which system is responsible for identifying the goal of somebody's motor action?

Answer 35

Anterior mirror neuron system

Question 36

The circuit for imitating somebody is believed to interact with the limbic system via which structure?

Answer 36

Insula

Question 37

What is prosody?

Answer 37

The tone and rhythm of somebody's voice/speech

Question 38

List the (3) locations involved in the perception of prosody, in sequential order.

Answer 38

1. Primary auditory complex 2. Posterior sector of superior temporal sulcus 3. Frontal cortex

Question 39

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for processing pitch, volume, and other characteristics of the sound?

Answer 39

Primary Auditory Cortex

Question 40

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for piecing together the meaning of the sound?

Answer 40

Posterior sector of the Superior Temporal Sulcus

Question 41

In terms of perception of prosody, which region is responsible for judging the emotional content of the sound?

Answer 41

Frontal Cortex

Question 42

"The ability to understand the mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own" describes which component of social cognition?

Answer 42

Theory of Mind

Question 43

Which regions of the brain (3) make up the core pathway, a requirement for the Theory of Mind?

Answer 43

1. Orbitofrontal areas 2. Amygdala 3. Temporal lobes (medial)

Question 44

Role: Stimulus Encoding System

Answer 44

Predicts the consequences of actions

Question 45

Components (3): Stimulus Encoding System

Answer 45

1. Orbitofrontal cortex 2. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 3. Striatum

Question 46

Is the Stimulus Encoding System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

Answer 46

Known (explicit) risks

Question 47

Role: Expected Reward System

Answer 47

Predicts the expected reward (duh)

Question 48

Components (4): Expected Reward System

Answer 48

1. Basal ganglia 2. Amygdala 3. Insular cortex 4. Intraparietal cortex

Question 49

Is the Expected Reward System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

Answer 49

Unknown (ambiguous) risks

Question 50

Roles (2): Action Selection System

Answer 50

1. Learns and encodes the results 2. Detects error (learning from mistakes)

Question 51

Component (1): Action Selection System

Answer 51

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 52

Is the Action Selection System involved in making decisions with known or unknown risks?

Answer 52

Unknown (ambiguous) risks

Question 53

Define social cognition.

Answer 53

An individual’s ability to infer the emotional state of another person from observable information, such as prosody and facial expression