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HUBS191 EXTRA > Lect 24 - Motor Control > Flashcards

Lect 24 - Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Prefrontal cortex?

A

Neurons involved in decisions to move; planning the desired movement outcome

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2
Q

What is the Premotor cortex?

A

Neurons involved in organising
movement sequences to achieve
the outcome

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3
Q

What is the Primary motor cortex?

A

Upper motor neuron cell bodies. Involved in directing voluntary movement.

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4
Q

What is the function of Basal nuclei?

A

Neurons involved in modifying
movement by influencing posture, automatic
movements, regulation of muscle tone and
elimination of unwanted movement.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Neurons involved in modifying
movement by learning, storing and executing
motor programs, monitoring sensory input and
organizing timing of muscle contractions.

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6
Q

What is Latency

A

The time delay between a
stimulus (e.g. touch or tendon tap) and a
response (e.g. voluntary or reflex
movement)

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7
Q

What is a Interneuron?

A

Any ‘connector’ neuron that
isn’t a sensory or motor neuron.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

Decision to move, Signals sent to premotor cortex

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9
Q

What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?

A

Select movement sequences, Signals sent to primary motor cortex, basal nuclei and cerebellum

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10
Q

What is the function of the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

Initiate movements, Signals sent down corticospinal
pathway

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11
Q

What is the function of Basal nuclei and cerebellum?

A

Modify movements, Signals sent back and forth to each other as well as to frontal cortex
and down descending pathways

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12
Q

Where do upper motor neurons in the corticospinal pathway originate?

A

In the primary motor cortex.

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13
Q

What happens when upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex fire action potentials?

A

The action potentials propagate along axons extending down the spinal cord.

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14
Q

What is the next step after the action potentials propagate down the spinal cord?

A

They activate lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

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15
Q

What occurs when lower motor neurons in the spinal cord fire action potentials?

A

The action potentials propagate along axons within peripheral nerves.

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16
Q

What is the final target of the action potentials in the corticospinal pathway?

A

Skeletal muscle.

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17
Q

What type of movement can small motor units produce?

A

More precise movements (e.g., of hand, lips, tongue).

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18
Q

What type of movement can large motor units produce?

A

More forceful movements (e.g., of limbs).

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19
Q

What are reflex movements?

A

Rapid, reproducible, automatic motor responses to external stimuli.

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20
Q

What type of neural circuit do reflex movements employ?

A

A simple neural circuit involving neurons within peripheral nerves and the spinal cord.

21
Q

What is the primary purpose of reflex movements?

A

They are protective and prevent injury.

22
Q

Do reflex movements require involvement of neurons in the brain?

A

No

23
Q

What is the typical latency for reflex movements?

A

approximately 40 milliseconds

24
Q

What characterizes voluntary movements?

A

Varying speed, duration, and complexity.

25
Q

What type of processing is typically involved in voluntary movements?

A

Complex patterns of sensory and motor processing.

26
Q

What is the purpose of voluntary movements?

A

They enable us to interact with the environment.

27
Q

How are voluntary movements initiated?

A

Voluntarily by neurons in the brain.

28
Q

What is the typical latency for voluntary movements?

A

Variable latency, typically over 100 milliseconds.

29
Q

What is the typical latency for a reflex response to a tendon tap?

A

Approximately 30-40 milliseconds.

30
Q

How would you describe the consistency of the reflex response to a tendon tap?

A

Very consistent and reproducible.

31
Q

What is the primary purpose of the stretch reflex?

A

To protect the muscle from tearing.

32
Q

What is the neural path for the stretch reflex response to a tendon tap?

A

From stretched muscle spindles to the spinal cord and back to the stretched muscle.

33
Q

Can the stretch reflex response time be changed with training?

A

No

34
Q

What initiates the stretch reflex response?

A

A tendon tap causes a sudden, fast stretch of the quadriceps muscle.

35
Q

What gets stretched within the muscle when a tendon tap occurs?

A

Muscle spindles, which are proprioceptors/stretch receptors within the muscle.

36
Q

What happens in the muscle spindles when they are stretched?

A

Mechanically-gated Na+ channels open in the membrane of the dendritic endings of the sensory neuron of the muscle spindle.

37
Q

What is the result of Na+ entry into the sensory neuron?

A

Na+ entry causes depolarization that leads to an action potential.

38
Q

Where does the action potential propagate after it is generated in the sensory neuron?

A

The action potential propagates along the sensory axon to the spinal cord.

39
Q

What happens when the action potential reaches the sensory axon terminal in the spinal cord?

A

Synaptic transmission from the sensory axon terminal causes depolarization in the motor neuron cell body.

40
Q

What occurs after depolarization in the motor neuron cell body?

A

An action potential fires and propagates along the motor axon to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of the quadriceps.

41
Q

What is the final result of the action potential reaching the NMJ of the quadriceps?

A

The quadriceps muscle is stimulated to contract, causing the foot to kick out.

42
Q

What type of stimulus triggers the withdrawal reflex?

A

Painful stimuli.

43
Q

What receptors are activated in response to painful stimuli?

A

Nociceptors.

44
Q

What happens after nociceptors are activated?

A

The sensory neuron depolarizes, and an action potential fires and propagates to the spinal cord.

45
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons in the withdrawal reflex?

A

Sensory neurons stimulate interneurons in the spinal cord.

46
Q

What is the effect of interneuron stimulation in the withdrawal reflex?

A

It leads to the excitation of motor neurons that stimulate flexor muscles.

47
Q

What happens to motor neurons that stimulate extensor muscles during the withdrawal reflex?

A

They are inhibited.

48
Q

What is the overall result of the withdrawal reflex?

A

It enables the withdrawal of the affected limb.

HUBS191 EXTRA (5 decks)

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