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Week 8 > Lect 2 - Connective tissue > Flashcards

Lect 2 - Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what do we mean by tissue?

A

group of similar cells, that are specialised, work together, for a particular fcuntion

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2
Q

what does connective tissues do and list the 3 main functions of connective tissues

A

they bind and support various organs and fills the space between different tissue types

  1. structural - binds together,protect, support (also mediates nutrient exchange)
  2. repair
  3. defence
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3
Q

what are the 2 components of connective tissue

A
  1. extracellular matrix (ground substance + fibres)

2. cells (indigenous: adipocytes, fibroblasts, reticulocytes, and migratory: immune cells)

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4
Q

what are the differences between indigenous and migrate cells

A

indigenous cells are born in the connective tissue

migratory cells are born elsewhere and move into the connective tissue

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5
Q

how can we identify macrophages

A

pseudopodia that are used to wrap and engulf stuff

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6
Q

whats the difference between fibroblasts (active) and fibrocytes (reseting, old scar), what are each used for

A
  1. fibroblasts: active cells, these cells make the collagen , extracellular matrix, and have large amounts of organelles
  2. fibrocytes: mature inactive cells, often flattened in shape, and have few organelles on the cytoplasm
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7
Q

what are reticulocytes (reticular cells), how can we identify them

A

“fibrocytes) of reticular connective tissue, e.g. lymphoid organ, liver

they are large than average fibrocyte, irregular cytoplasm, large nuclei lightly stained

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8
Q

what are the different indigenous cells, what are their functions

A
  1. fibroblasts - makes collagen and other extracellular matrix stuff
  2. adipocytes - stores of fat
  3. reticulocytes - similar to fibrocytes in function, located in reticular connective tissues such as lymphoid organ, liver
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9
Q

what is the difference between white and brown adipose tissue

A
  1. white: 25% of total body weight in adults. these act as energy stores, cushioning, and insulators
  2. brown: found in newborns. they act as temperature regulators
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10
Q

how do we identify adipocytes

A

nucleus is pushed to periphery due to fat accumulation

these also live for a long time

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11
Q

is fat an endocrine organ? why?

A

yes, it has been found to release different hormones

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12
Q

what’s a typical migratory cell

A

immune cells

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13
Q

list the types of migratory cells

A
  1. macrophages (monocytes)
  2. mast cells
  3. plasma cells
  4. eosinophils
  5. lymphocytes
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14
Q

describe macrophages, and what they do?

A

macrophages come from monocytes, originating in the bone marrow. they have varied life span

monocytes - bone marrow - blood stream - connective tissues - macrophages

their main job is to engulf foreign material and present antigen presenting cells to other immune cells

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15
Q

what are mast cells, where are they made, what do they do, and how do we identify them?

A

mast (stand on guard in healthy tissue) cells provide defence against PROTEIN containing material

they are derived from progenitor cells in the bone marrow
they migrate to peripheral tissue (e.g. skin and GIT)

these cells contain numerous large vesicles that contain Heparin and Histamine

on stains, they have lot’s of granules (purple stuff)

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16
Q

what are plasma cells, what do they do?

A

plasma cells produce antibodies
they will expand in size when doing so
they have a relatively short life span of 10 to 20 days

17
Q

what are the roles of antibodies?

A

make it easier for immune cells to see the antigens

active chromatin

18
Q

what are eosinophil, where do they come from, how can we identify them, what are their roles?

A

these cells are involved in defence against parasites
they contains red granules in its cytoplasm

they originate from the bone marrow

these granules contain Histaminase and Major Basic Protein
their main role is to release granules

19
Q

what are lymphocytes, where do they come from, what do they do, and how do you recognise them

A

lymphocytes are immune cells in our bodies (B- T- NK-)

bone marrow - lymph nodes

they have round nuclei and stain very dark

20
Q

what are the components of extracellular matrix

A

they extracellular matrix is made up of ground substance and fibres

21
Q

what are the 3 types of fibres

A
  1. collagen (pink)
  2. elastin (blue)
  3. reticular (silver)
22
Q

describe collagen fibres composition, what are its main roles, where can it be found, and how are collagen fibres organised?

A

microfibrils (tropocollagen which consists of 3 collagen protein molecules in a spiral) - fibrils - collagen fibres

it’s main roles are to strength and support

the structure of collagen is fibres joined together in an elongated and arranged in a regular manner

they make up the capsule of several organs (liver, kidney, spleen)

collagen fibres are easy to see, don’t need special stain to appear pink

23
Q

what is the key role of reticular fibres (type III), where is it found, and how can it be identified using stain

A

reticular fibres are tiny collagen fibres that form delicate and wispy networks instead of bundles

it’s main function is supporting framework for organ cells such as liver, lymph node, adrenal

using a silver-based stain - it looks black, delicate, and wispy

24
Q

what makes up elastic fibre, how are they organised, what is their main role, and where can they be found

A

these fibres are made from microfibrils in amorphous matrix which consists of elastin, the fibers are organised by crosslinking to each other to form random coil

their main function is conferring elasticity, helps organs return to it’s original shape

they’re mostly found in things that need stretching, e.g. skin, lungs, bladder, ligament

25
Q

define non-fibril protein aka ground substance

A

a amorphous gel like substance that surround cells in connective tissues

26
Q

what are the 3 compounds that make up ground substance, and why are they there?

A

GAGS
PGs
GPs

  1. they contribute to physical consistency
  2. act as adhesive for collagen fibrils
  3. transport and regulate electrolytes
  4. protective barrier
  5. absorb compressive load
27
Q

what are the functions of ground substance

A

they act as a medium for movement of molecules and exchange of metabolites

28
Q

define basement membrane, what is it made of, and what are its functions, what role does it play in cancer

A

a sheet of fibre that underlies the epithelium
it is not a membrane but a fibrous matrix

its main role is to anchor down the epithelium

it acts as a barrier preventing malignant cells from evading deeper tissues

it is also found in testes and keeps sperm separate

29
Q

what are the 5 types of connective tissue

A
  1. dense
  2. loose
  3. reticular
  4. adipose
  5. mucoid
30
Q

differentiate irregular and regular dense tissue and give examples of where each are found

A

irregular has no clear orientation, moderately packed, fibrocytes scatter throughout. resists deformation in all directions. e.g. dermis layer of skin, capsule of organs

regular fibres are tightly packed parallel to each other with fibrocytes squeezed inbetween, these only resist deformation in 1 direction. e.g. tendon, ligament, cornea of eye

31
Q

describe loose connective tissue (or areolar tissue), and what are the 3 subdivisions

A

“with small spaces” these tissue allows mobility between structures

  1. reticular
  2. mucoid
  3. adipose
32
Q

describe mucoid connective tissue, what are it’s main functions

A

there is a lot of space between cells, and these tissue contain large amounts of ground substance - leading to decreased cohesiveness that allows movement
e.g. umbilical cord, dental pulp

33
Q

describe reticular connect tissue, and where is it mostly used

A

reticular connective tissue consist of reticular cells and the network of reticular fibres formed by them

in some organs such as liver, lymph nodes and spleen, RC tissue form networks that help to suspend cells

mostly found in places where diffusion or cell mobility are functionally important

34
Q

what are the 2 types of adipose tissue, what are it’s roles in the body

A

white - unilocular aka 1 large lipid droplet
these cells’ primary role is the storage, cushioning.

brown - multilocular aka many lipid droplets
these cells are important in fetal temperature regulation (via oxidation of fatty acid). found in axilla, neck, and along large blood vessels

35
Q

how can we tell white and brown adipose tissue apart?

A

brown adipose looks pink because it has heaps of mitochondria for heat generation

36
Q

list the 5 types of collagen, their location, and cells of origin

A
  1. ordinary - connective tissue - fibroblast
  2. elastic cartilage - chondrocytes
  3. reticular fibres in loose CT - fibroblast/smooth muscles
  4. basement membrane - epithelial/endothelial
  5. fetal/bone - fibroblast
37
Q

why do we have differing composition of elastin and collagen in different tissues

A

composition depend on the needs and activity of the tissue

elastin provided elasticity while collagen provide strength and support (reticular fibres support cells in organs)

Week 8 (7 decks)

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