lect 18 drugs cosmetics Flashcards
first cosmeceutical to treat male baldness
minoxidil
drug in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay
fluoride
sebaceous gland located where
located beside hair follicles , secretes sebum that lubricates surface of skin
main difference with regards to skin to individuals
chemical structure of melanin
produce melanin and insert it in keratinocytes
melanocytes
what happens in sunburn with melanocytes
melanocytes increase production and insertion of melanin
sunburn is the reaction to what
UV injury
what cells have a fast turnover and continuously repair itself and replace deficits
skin cells
skin structure is adapted to what
to the location. for example, skin behind ears is thin and can absorb compounds like putting patches to prevent motion sickness
patches of abnormal skin condition
psoriasis
psoriasis is a thickened layer of what
of keratinocytes with plaque
drugs to treat acne and psoriasis (4)
topical such as corticosteroids and vitamin D3.
systematic like retinoids
phototherapy like UV light
biological like monoclonal antibodies (last set of choice)
what is caused by an allergic reaction to certain drugs. easy suffering of sunburns at low exposures
photosensitivity
what drugs can cause photosensitivity (5)
antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, herbal mixtures
tanning is a reaction to what
reaction to injury cause by UV light (its carcinogenic) more melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes
UV light is made of what
UVA and UVB in 290-400nm range
which UV light penetrates deeper
UVA
UVB penetration
cannot penetrate as deep as UVA but exposure is greater
eye damage from UV
UV can damage eyes and cause cataracts
tanning increases risk of what deadliest skin cancer
melanoma risk increased by 59% with tanning beds
photaging
back of neck is vulnerable to UV exposure. damage causes skin to turn red and very wrinkled
skin cancer that can be removed before the carcinoma becomes larger
basal cell carcinoma
skin cancer that leads to death
melanoma
protects skin from UV light damages
sunscreen
measure of efficacy from suncreen
SPF
what is broad spectrum
spf 15-30 suncreen that blocks both UVA and UVB
when do we experience greater uv exposure
during swimming and skiing because snow and water reflect up to 85% of UV radiation
retinoids are used for what
acne treatment
what problems occur in acne (4)
- occlusion of the pilosebaceous duct where hair follicles normally come out
- bacterial colonisation in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
- increased sebum secretion
- inflamed sebaceous gland . in severe cases the comedo may rupture and release contents into the dermis
what is sebum
lubricant that lubricates the hair shaft and hair to keep it shiny and lubricate skin and scalp.
stages of acne (abnormal keratynocytes)
normal hair follicles, oxidized sebum, trapped sebum, bacteria+leukocytes
what happens at oxidized sebum stage
duct blocked, sebum accumulates at surface of open pore and oxidizes to form balck heads. bacteria in there
trapped sebum stage of acne
sebum trapped below surface of skin and forms whiteheads, contains bacteria and leukocytes. closed comedo
bacteria and leukocytes stage
bacteria accumulates in sebum, attracts white blood cells. mixture of bacteria, leukocytes and sebum
severe cases of comedo (last stage of acne)
comedo ruptures and spread to become larger. forms inflamed red circle around original site. bump on surface
what is hyperkeratosis
acummulation of keratin and sebum. bacteria proliferates, inflammation, rupture
cystic acne characteristics
usually treated before gets extremed
acne treated with trial and error because no animals get acne
androgens especially testosterone cause sebum increase during puberty so males more vulnerable
4 hallmarks of acne
increased sebum, increased keratin, increased bacteria and inflammation
four targets to reduce acne
- normalize follicular keratinization
- reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
- inhibit sebaceous gland
- decreased inflammation
comedogenesis
too much keratin
- normalize follicular keratinization
stops plugging of follicles
topical retinoids, accutane (systematic retinoid)
- reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics
retinoids ex. isotretinoin
- inhibit sebaceous gland (5)
accutane, hormonal therapy, OCs
retinoids
contraceptives
- decreased inflammation (4)
corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antibiotics, retinoids
drugs that normalize comedogenesis
regulate keratinocyte turnover.
tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin, sulfur, azelaic acid
drugs with antibacterial effects (3)
antibiotics, isotretinoin, benzoyl peroxide
drugs that inhibit sebaceous gland functions (4)
antiandrogens (spironolactone)
corticosteroids (oral, in low doses)
estrogen (low dose)
isotretinoin (indirect effect)
drugs with anti inflammatory effects (4)
NSAIDS
antibiotics
corticosteroids
retinoids
vitamin A derivatives
retinoids
retinoids act how
act as hormones and alter gene expression
retinoids have major role in what
cellular differentiation
cells in fetus and cells continuously turning over in adults are particularly affected
natural retinoids
retinol, retinaldehyde, all trans retinoic acid
synthetic retinoids
aromatic compounds
1st generation retinoids
retinol, retinoic acid
tretinoin also called retino-A
2nd generation retinoids
etretinate and acitretin
synthetic: less toxic, more selective
3rd generation retinoids
arotinoid
retinoid that is very effective
tretinoin cream and adapalene (differin)
is retinol water soluble?
its water insoluble. has to bind to proteins to be transported within circulation or within a cell. bound to retinol binding protein for movement. interacts with retinol receptor, frees itself from the binding protein and enters cell
where does retinol bind inside cell and its converted to what
bound to cellular retinoid binding protein and then converted to retinaldehyde and then retinoic acid by cytoplasmic enzymes
what happens to retinoic acid in cell
binds to retinoic acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus
retinoic acids binds where in nucleus and what happens
2 molecules of retinoic acid then bind to dimer receptors (RAR and RXR)
once bound, receptors dimerize and trigger retinoic acid response elements to alter gene expression
RAR and RXR are part of what family
nuclear hormone receptor family
Cis retinoids binds to what receptor
RXR
trans retinoids binds to what receptor
RAR
change in gene expression by retinoic acid binding to receptors leads to what (4)
- decrease in sebum production and activity of keratinocytes
- decrease in inflammation
- change in composition of sebum, no longer fosters the overgrowth of bacteria
- overall decrease acne
side effects of retinoids for pregnancy
they are teratogens even at low doses. powerfull effects first month of pregnancy.
Vitamin A affects growth of fetus.
vitamin A derivatives cannot be given to pregnant women
causes malformations of face, kidney, heart in fetus.
leads to fetal psychological and intellectual development.
retinoic acid (accutane) side effects
affect children. may cause GI disorders
isotretinoin side effect
inflammatory bowel disease in patients without prior history of intestinal disorders
side effects retinoid with nsaids
possible interaction producing GI tract distress
do humans need antibacterial soap for face
no because we produce natural bacterias present in hair follicles
soap can reduce what
transmission of colds
skin cream is a mixture of what
liquid, powder and grease to easily spread
problem with cream advertisements containing collagen and elastin
humans cannot absorb collagen and elastin
are cosmeceuticals safe?
trace metals: found in small quantities
if skin barrier damages may get more absorption
Phthalates: perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care producs
higher doses risk for cosmeceuticals (5)
could be carcinogenic leading to endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity and allergies, low sperm count
what is extemely immune disrupting
parabens
extracted from plants cosmetics problem
plants made of chemical only for plants and not made for skin
cold sores are caused by what
reactivation of herpes virus a DNA virus
herpus virus phamacokinetics
after first infection, herpes virus goes into nerve ending in face and lives in trigeminal ganglion in latent form.
triggered by stress, other diseases.
when reactivated, virus comes back down through nerve ending and causes lesion in area of skin.
why is being immunocompromised bad with herpes
immune system recognizes it and contains it
two herpes virus
herpes simplex and genital herpes
drug effective against herpes simplex
acyclovir
inhibits viral proliferation
what inhibits viral DNA polymerase for herpes
acycloGTP
virus cannot reproduce and thus cannot cause damage nor spread
may cause chain termination
melanocytes do what for hair
insert pigment into hair
what gives goose bumps
arrector pili muscle
different layers of hair
cuticle (dead cells), cortex and medulla
where is the only live cells of hair located
located at base of follicle under skin surface
where do cells of hair grow
matrix
what projects from the surface in hair
the hair shaft
what initiates growth of new follicles of hair
stem cells along side of hair shafts
what makes macrofibrils
microfibrils made of protofibrils wound together
hair retains what
moisture
phase where follicle usually grows for 2-6 years
anagen active growth phase
phase couple of weeks where hair stops growing and starts to involute at base 1-2 weeks
catagen or transition phase
5-6 weeks phase where hair is ready to fall out
telogen or resting phase
how does higher level of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy affect hair
leads to hair cells to stay in the anagen phase so they keep growing
hair is most likely to be damaged where
at the distal end than the proximal end
what can damage hair
sun, backcombing, chlorine (damages cuticle creating buldges), heat damage, bleaching (damages shaft)
what do you have to break to go from one hair texture to another
hydrogen bonds
use medium heat instead of hot
what does not damage hair
hair spray (hair lacquer)
bonds in hair
keratin is in the cortex of the hair with hydrogen bonds (weaker) and disulfide bonds (stronger)
wetting the hair makes what bonds come apart temporarly
hydrogen bonds
what bonds are broken for permanent curling/straightening
disulfide bonds using chemicals
how does hair pigment starts and how do we produce different colors of hair
tyrosine–> dopa–> dopaquinone–>eumelanin or pheomelanin
from tyrosine, we can create different pigments, different melanins and inserted in the hair shaft.
from there, sligh modifications of the basic structure occur to give different melanin varieties therefore different colors
pigments, different melanins of hair inserted where
into the hair shaft
melanin is made where and inserted where for hair
made at the base and inserted in hair
how does sun and peroxide act on hair
cause damage on melanin causing a structural shift and a change in refraction of light and color
unlikely way to go about changing the color of your hair
transcellular diffusion
how do surface dyes not damage hair
does not get into the cortex because layer of cuticle (condensed keratin)
temporary dye
dye sits on cuticle
semi-permanent dye
mostly on cuticle, some permeates cortex
permanent dye
in the ventral shaft and cuticle raised to get dye into core
bleach dye
destruction of natural hair color pigments and cuticle raised
in males with baldness, terminal hairs are replaced by what
vellus (soft, little thin hairs)
what is used to treat baldness
rogaine minoxidil
how does minoxidil work
increases follicular size and prolongs anagen phase of hair growth
another method for treating baldness
transplantation, pluds of hair from the back of the head are transplanted to the bald patch. new hair is sparse but permanent
first drug to be used exclusively for cosmetic reasons
minoxidil
drug for baldness that alters 5alpha-reductase
finasteride (propecia)
how does finasteride work (systematic treatment)
blocking 5-alpha reductuse blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, baldness can be prevented
when is finasteride more efficient
used before baldness starts
why should finasteride not be used by women
it is teratogenic for male fetus
baldness is induced by what
testosterone
fluoride prevent what
cavity and gingivitis
what can result in tooth discoloration for some people
their mother taking tetracycline during pregnancy
compounds in toothpaste for whitening
abrasive 20% and fluoride 24%
what can cause gum growing over teeth (gingival hyperplasia)
phenytoin therapy used to treat seizures
fluoride is naturally found where
various food and sources of water
fluoride used by poor families
fluoride added in water reduced cavities in poor children because cannot afford dentist
fluoride strenghthens what in teeth
the mineral lattice against bacterial erosion
mild overdose of fluoride leads to what
white spots on teeth
severe overdose of fluoride causes what
fluorosis but at very large doses normally not found in water
how many people have gum disease
3 out of 4
what disease makes it susceptible to bacteria and bacteria growth around teeth that loosens the base
periodontal disease
name of inflammation of gingiva
gingivitis (swollen gum)
how to treat gingivitis
use mouthwash and toothpase containing active ingredient phenol. phenol interefres with bacteria
