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Phar300 > lect 18 drugs cosmetics > Flashcards

lect 18 drugs cosmetics Flashcards

1
Q

first cosmeceutical to treat male baldness

A

minoxidil

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2
Q

drug in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay

A

fluoride

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3
Q

sebaceous gland located where

A

located beside hair follicles , secretes sebum that lubricates surface of skin

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4
Q

main difference with regards to skin to individuals

A

chemical structure of melanin

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5
Q

produce melanin and insert it in keratinocytes

A

melanocytes

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6
Q

what happens in sunburn with melanocytes

A

melanocytes increase production and insertion of melanin

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7
Q

sunburn is the reaction to what

A

UV injury

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8
Q

what cells have a fast turnover and continuously repair itself and replace deficits

A

skin cells

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9
Q

skin structure is adapted to what

A

to the location. for example, skin behind ears is thin and can absorb compounds like putting patches to prevent motion sickness

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10
Q

patches of abnormal skin condition

A

psoriasis

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11
Q

psoriasis is a thickened layer of what

A

of keratinocytes with plaque

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12
Q

drugs to treat acne and psoriasis (4)

A

topical such as corticosteroids and vitamin D3.
systematic like retinoids
phototherapy like UV light
biological like monoclonal antibodies (last set of choice)

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13
Q

what is caused by an allergic reaction to certain drugs. easy suffering of sunburns at low exposures

A

photosensitivity

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14
Q

what drugs can cause photosensitivity (5)

A

antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, herbal mixtures

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15
Q

tanning is a reaction to what

A

reaction to injury cause by UV light (its carcinogenic) more melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes

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16
Q

UV light is made of what

A

UVA and UVB in 290-400nm range

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17
Q

which UV light penetrates deeper

A

UVA

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18
Q

UVB penetration

A

cannot penetrate as deep as UVA but exposure is greater

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19
Q

eye damage from UV

A

UV can damage eyes and cause cataracts

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20
Q

tanning increases risk of what deadliest skin cancer

A

melanoma risk increased by 59% with tanning beds

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21
Q

photaging

A

back of neck is vulnerable to UV exposure. damage causes skin to turn red and very wrinkled

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22
Q

skin cancer that can be removed before the carcinoma becomes larger

A

basal cell carcinoma

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23
Q

skin cancer that leads to death

A

melanoma

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24
Q

protects skin from UV light damages

A

sunscreen

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25
Q

measure of efficacy from suncreen

A

SPF

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26
Q

what is broad spectrum

A

spf 15-30 suncreen that blocks both UVA and UVB

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27
Q

when do we experience greater uv exposure

A

during swimming and skiing because snow and water reflect up to 85% of UV radiation

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28
Q

retinoids are used for what

A

acne treatment

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29
Q

what problems occur in acne (4)

A
  1. occlusion of the pilosebaceous duct where hair follicles normally come out
  2. bacterial colonisation in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
  3. increased sebum secretion
  4. inflamed sebaceous gland . in severe cases the comedo may rupture and release contents into the dermis
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30
Q

what is sebum

A

lubricant that lubricates the hair shaft and hair to keep it shiny and lubricate skin and scalp.

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31
Q

stages of acne (abnormal keratynocytes)

A

normal hair follicles, oxidized sebum, trapped sebum, bacteria+leukocytes

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32
Q

what happens at oxidized sebum stage

A

duct blocked, sebum accumulates at surface of open pore and oxidizes to form balck heads. bacteria in there

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33
Q

trapped sebum stage of acne

A

sebum trapped below surface of skin and forms whiteheads, contains bacteria and leukocytes. closed comedo

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34
Q

bacteria and leukocytes stage

A

bacteria accumulates in sebum, attracts white blood cells. mixture of bacteria, leukocytes and sebum

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35
Q

severe cases of comedo (last stage of acne)

A

comedo ruptures and spread to become larger. forms inflamed red circle around original site. bump on surface

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36
Q

what is hyperkeratosis

A

acummulation of keratin and sebum. bacteria proliferates, inflammation, rupture

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37
Q

cystic acne characteristics

A

usually treated before gets extremed
acne treated with trial and error because no animals get acne
androgens especially testosterone cause sebum increase during puberty so males more vulnerable

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38
Q

4 hallmarks of acne

A

increased sebum, increased keratin, increased bacteria and inflammation

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39
Q

four targets to reduce acne

A
  1. normalize follicular keratinization
  2. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
  3. inhibit sebaceous gland
  4. decreased inflammation
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40
Q

comedogenesis

A

too much keratin

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41
Q
  1. normalize follicular keratinization
A

stops plugging of follicles

topical retinoids, accutane (systematic retinoid)

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42
Q
  1. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
A

benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics

retinoids ex. isotretinoin

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43
Q
  1. inhibit sebaceous gland (5)
A

accutane, hormonal therapy, OCs
retinoids
contraceptives

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44
Q
  1. decreased inflammation (4)
A

corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antibiotics, retinoids

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45
Q

drugs that normalize comedogenesis

A

regulate keratinocyte turnover.

tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin, sulfur, azelaic acid

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46
Q

drugs with antibacterial effects (3)

A

antibiotics, isotretinoin, benzoyl peroxide

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47
Q

drugs that inhibit sebaceous gland functions (4)

A

antiandrogens (spironolactone)
corticosteroids (oral, in low doses)
estrogen (low dose)
isotretinoin (indirect effect)

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48
Q

drugs with anti inflammatory effects (4)

A

NSAIDS
antibiotics
corticosteroids
retinoids

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49
Q

vitamin A derivatives

A

retinoids

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50
Q

retinoids act how

A

act as hormones and alter gene expression

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51
Q

retinoids have major role in what

A

cellular differentiation

cells in fetus and cells continuously turning over in adults are particularly affected

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52
Q

natural retinoids

A

retinol, retinaldehyde, all trans retinoic acid

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53
Q

synthetic retinoids

A

aromatic compounds

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54
Q

1st generation retinoids

A

retinol, retinoic acid

tretinoin also called retino-A

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55
Q

2nd generation retinoids

A

etretinate and acitretin

synthetic: less toxic, more selective

56
Q

3rd generation retinoids

A

arotinoid

57
Q

retinoid that is very effective

A

tretinoin cream and adapalene (differin)

58
Q

is retinol water soluble?

A

its water insoluble. has to bind to proteins to be transported within circulation or within a cell. bound to retinol binding protein for movement. interacts with retinol receptor, frees itself from the binding protein and enters cell

59
Q

where does retinol bind inside cell and its converted to what

A

bound to cellular retinoid binding protein and then converted to retinaldehyde and then retinoic acid by cytoplasmic enzymes

60
Q

what happens to retinoic acid in cell

A

binds to retinoic acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus

61
Q

retinoic acids binds where in nucleus and what happens

A

2 molecules of retinoic acid then bind to dimer receptors (RAR and RXR)
once bound, receptors dimerize and trigger retinoic acid response elements to alter gene expression

62
Q

RAR and RXR are part of what family

A

nuclear hormone receptor family

63
Q

Cis retinoids binds to what receptor

A

RXR

64
Q

trans retinoids binds to what receptor

A

RAR

65
Q

change in gene expression by retinoic acid binding to receptors leads to what (4)

A
  1. decrease in sebum production and activity of keratinocytes
  2. decrease in inflammation
  3. change in composition of sebum, no longer fosters the overgrowth of bacteria
  4. overall decrease acne
66
Q

side effects of retinoids for pregnancy

A

they are teratogens even at low doses. powerfull effects first month of pregnancy.
Vitamin A affects growth of fetus.
vitamin A derivatives cannot be given to pregnant women
causes malformations of face, kidney, heart in fetus.
leads to fetal psychological and intellectual development.

67
Q

retinoic acid (accutane) side effects

A

affect children. may cause GI disorders

68
Q

isotretinoin side effect

A

inflammatory bowel disease in patients without prior history of intestinal disorders

69
Q

side effects retinoid with nsaids

A

possible interaction producing GI tract distress

70
Q

do humans need antibacterial soap for face

A

no because we produce natural bacterias present in hair follicles

71
Q

soap can reduce what

A

transmission of colds

72
Q

skin cream is a mixture of what

A

liquid, powder and grease to easily spread

73
Q

problem with cream advertisements containing collagen and elastin

A

humans cannot absorb collagen and elastin

74
Q

are cosmeceuticals safe?

A

trace metals: found in small quantities
if skin barrier damages may get more absorption
Phthalates: perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care producs

75
Q

higher doses risk for cosmeceuticals (5)

A

could be carcinogenic leading to endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity and allergies, low sperm count

76
Q

what is extemely immune disrupting

A

parabens

77
Q

extracted from plants cosmetics problem

A

plants made of chemical only for plants and not made for skin

78
Q

cold sores are caused by what

A

reactivation of herpes virus a DNA virus

79
Q

herpus virus phamacokinetics

A

after first infection, herpes virus goes into nerve ending in face and lives in trigeminal ganglion in latent form.

triggered by stress, other diseases.

when reactivated, virus comes back down through nerve ending and causes lesion in area of skin.

80
Q

why is being immunocompromised bad with herpes

A

immune system recognizes it and contains it

81
Q

two herpes virus

A

herpes simplex and genital herpes

82
Q

drug effective against herpes simplex

A

acyclovir

inhibits viral proliferation

83
Q

what inhibits viral DNA polymerase for herpes

A

acycloGTP
virus cannot reproduce and thus cannot cause damage nor spread
may cause chain termination

84
Q

melanocytes do what for hair

A

insert pigment into hair

85
Q

what gives goose bumps

A

arrector pili muscle

86
Q

different layers of hair

A

cuticle (dead cells), cortex and medulla

87
Q

where is the only live cells of hair located

A

located at base of follicle under skin surface

88
Q

where do cells of hair grow

A

matrix

89
Q

what projects from the surface in hair

A

the hair shaft

90
Q

what initiates growth of new follicles of hair

A

stem cells along side of hair shafts

91
Q

what makes macrofibrils

A

microfibrils made of protofibrils wound together

92
Q

hair retains what

A

moisture

93
Q

phase where follicle usually grows for 2-6 years

A

anagen active growth phase

94
Q

phase couple of weeks where hair stops growing and starts to involute at base 1-2 weeks

A

catagen or transition phase

95
Q

5-6 weeks phase where hair is ready to fall out

A

telogen or resting phase

96
Q

how does higher level of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy affect hair

A

leads to hair cells to stay in the anagen phase so they keep growing

97
Q

hair is most likely to be damaged where

A

at the distal end than the proximal end

98
Q

what can damage hair

A

sun, backcombing, chlorine (damages cuticle creating buldges), heat damage, bleaching (damages shaft)

99
Q

what do you have to break to go from one hair texture to another

A

hydrogen bonds

use medium heat instead of hot

100
Q

what does not damage hair

A

hair spray (hair lacquer)

101
Q

bonds in hair

A

keratin is in the cortex of the hair with hydrogen bonds (weaker) and disulfide bonds (stronger)

102
Q

wetting the hair makes what bonds come apart temporarly

A

hydrogen bonds

103
Q

what bonds are broken for permanent curling/straightening

A

disulfide bonds using chemicals

104
Q

how does hair pigment starts and how do we produce different colors of hair

A

tyrosine–> dopa–> dopaquinone–>eumelanin or pheomelanin

from tyrosine, we can create different pigments, different melanins and inserted in the hair shaft.

from there, sligh modifications of the basic structure occur to give different melanin varieties therefore different colors

105
Q

pigments, different melanins of hair inserted where

A

into the hair shaft

106
Q

melanin is made where and inserted where for hair

A

made at the base and inserted in hair

107
Q

how does sun and peroxide act on hair

A

cause damage on melanin causing a structural shift and a change in refraction of light and color

108
Q

unlikely way to go about changing the color of your hair

A

transcellular diffusion

109
Q

how do surface dyes not damage hair

A

does not get into the cortex because layer of cuticle (condensed keratin)

110
Q

temporary dye

A

dye sits on cuticle

111
Q

semi-permanent dye

A

mostly on cuticle, some permeates cortex

112
Q

permanent dye

A

in the ventral shaft and cuticle raised to get dye into core

113
Q

bleach dye

A

destruction of natural hair color pigments and cuticle raised

114
Q

in males with baldness, terminal hairs are replaced by what

A

vellus (soft, little thin hairs)

115
Q

what is used to treat baldness

A

rogaine minoxidil

116
Q

how does minoxidil work

A

increases follicular size and prolongs anagen phase of hair growth

117
Q

another method for treating baldness

A

transplantation, pluds of hair from the back of the head are transplanted to the bald patch. new hair is sparse but permanent

118
Q

first drug to be used exclusively for cosmetic reasons

A

minoxidil

119
Q

drug for baldness that alters 5alpha-reductase

A

finasteride (propecia)

120
Q

how does finasteride work (systematic treatment)

A

blocking 5-alpha reductuse blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, baldness can be prevented

121
Q

when is finasteride more efficient

A

used before baldness starts

122
Q

why should finasteride not be used by women

A

it is teratogenic for male fetus

123
Q

baldness is induced by what

A

testosterone

124
Q

fluoride prevent what

A

cavity and gingivitis

125
Q

what can result in tooth discoloration for some people

A

their mother taking tetracycline during pregnancy

126
Q

compounds in toothpaste for whitening

A

abrasive 20% and fluoride 24%

127
Q

what can cause gum growing over teeth (gingival hyperplasia)

A

phenytoin therapy used to treat seizures

128
Q

fluoride is naturally found where

A

various food and sources of water

129
Q

fluoride used by poor families

A

fluoride added in water reduced cavities in poor children because cannot afford dentist

130
Q

fluoride strenghthens what in teeth

A

the mineral lattice against bacterial erosion

131
Q

mild overdose of fluoride leads to what

A

white spots on teeth

132
Q

severe overdose of fluoride causes what

A

fluorosis but at very large doses normally not found in water

133
Q

how many people have gum disease

A

3 out of 4

134
Q

what disease makes it susceptible to bacteria and bacteria growth around teeth that loosens the base

A

periodontal disease

135
Q

name of inflammation of gingiva

A

gingivitis (swollen gum)

136
Q

how to treat gingivitis

A

use mouthwash and toothpase containing active ingredient phenol. phenol interefres with bacteria

Phar300 (18 decks)

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