Lect 1-4, Biomolecules/Enzymes&Isoenzymes/Cell Homeostasis/Cell Membranes

Question 1

Respiratory Distress Syndrome:
____ deficiency, which is made from _____ and _____
/ > 2:1 shows lung _____

Answer 1

Lung surfactant deficiency, which is made from lecithin and sphingomyelin
L/S > 2:1 shows lung maturity

Question 2

Gallstones:
Increased _____ in bile solidifies into pepple-like structures.
Can lead to ______ syndromes

Answer 2

Cholesterol ; malabsorption

Question 3

• Condition marked by hyperglycemia and low blood pH
• Insulin resistance causes no glucose uptake and Ketone bodies
• Symptoms are dehydration, vomiting, confusion, and coma

Answer 3

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 4

Competitive Inhibitors bind to _____

• Km will _____
• Vmax will ______

Answer 4

Active site

• Increase
• Not change

Question 5

• Non-competitive inhibitors bind to _____
• Km will ____
• Vmax will _____

Answer 5

E or ES complex

• Not change
• Decrease

Question 6

Uncompetitive inhibitors bind to _____

• Km will ______
• Vmax will _____

Answer 6

ES complex only

• Decrease
• Decrease

Question 7

Chronic Gout:

-Treated with ________, which targets ______ _____ to prevent the formation of _______

Answer 7

Treated with allopurinol, which targets xanthine oxidase to prevent the formation of uric acid

Question 8

Myasthenia Gravis:

• Autoimmune disease where antibodies block the binding of _____ to _______ ______ receptors
• Symptoms are ______, and _____ _____
• Treated with ______, which is an __________ _____

Answer 8

• Blocks the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic cholinergic receptors
• Symptoms are ptosis (droopy eyes), muscle weakness
• Treated with Physostigmine (or any -stigmine drug), which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Question 9

Metalloenzymes require metal cofactors to function, and can be inhibited by ______ ______, such as ____.

Answer 9

-inhibited by chelating agents, such as EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)

Question 10

Chelating agents can treat ______ poisoning. This substance would otherwise inhibit the creation of heme by preventing the function of ___ and _________.

Answer 10

treat lead poisoning.

-Lead inhibits ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase

Question 11

The troponin inhibitory unit ____ shows incrased lvls in serum after a __.

Answer 11

cTn-I after a myocardial infarction

Question 12

A deficiency in Vitamin C, a cofactor for lysyl hydroxylase involved in _____ assembly, can cause _____ with symptoms of spongy gums, hemorrhaging of skin and mucous membranes.

Answer 12

Vit C def = Scurvy

-lysyl hydroxylase is involved in collagen assembly

Question 13

Ariboflavinosis:
-Riboflavin (Vit __) is required for ___ synthesis. This means _______ reductase activity will also decrease, which creates a product that cleans up reactive oxygen species.

Answer 13

Vit B2 is req for FAD synthesis

-Glutathione reductase activity will also decrease (glutathione cleans up ROS)

Question 14

GLUT 1 is found _______ and not in the _____ or _____

-It has a _____ affinity for glucose (Km __ mM)

Answer 14

GLUT1 = everywhere, but not in epithelial cells of kidney or small intestine
- High affinity for glucose (Km 1 mM)

Question 15

GLUT 2 is found in the _____ and ______

-It has a _____ affinity for glucose (Km __ mM)

Answer 15

GLUT2 = liver and pancreas

-Low affinity for glucose (Km 10 mM)

Question 16

GLUT 3 is found in _______

-It has a _____ affinity for glucose

Answer 16

GLUT3 = neurons

-High affinity for glucose

Question 17

GLUT 4 is found in _______ , ______ , and _______ cells

-It has a _____ affinity for glucose

Answer 17

GLUT4 = skeletal muscle, adipose, and heart cells

-Medium affinity for glucose

Question 18

Fanconi-Bicklet Syndrome

• Inherited deficiency of the ______ in liver and pancreas
• Symptoms: _____ __ _____, _____ (enlargement of liver), and ______
• Typically fluctuates from ______ between meals and _______ after meals

Answer 18

Inherited def of GLUT2 receptor

• Symptoms are failure to thrive, hepatomegaly, and dwarfism/stunted growth
• Fluctuates from hypoglycemic between means and hyperglycemic after meals

Question 19

This is characteristic of a malar rash, joint pain, fever, and weight loss.
-Involves slow acetyation process in certain individuals, which builds up _____ _____ _____

Answer 19

Drug Induced Lupus

-slow acetylation = builds up toxic drug metabolites

Question 20

These three lipids are in the outer leaflet of the membrane:

1. _____________
2. ____________
3. ____________

Answer 20

1. Phosphatidylcholine
2. Sphingomyelin
3. Glycolipids

Question 21

These three lipids are in the inner leaflet of the membrane:

1. ___________
2. ____________
3. ____________

Answer 21

1. Phosphatidylinositol
2. Phosphatidylserine
3. Phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 22

This lipid is a marker for _______, which is typically on the _____ leaflet and gets flipased to the ______ leaflet

Answer 22

PS (Phosphatidylserine) - typically in inner leaflet of healthy cells, but a flipase will flip it to outer leaflet to signal macrophages for apoptosis

Question 23

Disease characterized by a cherry red macula, enlargement of liver, and neurological damage.
-Caused by a deficiency of ___ ______, causing _______ buildup (and subsequently death of cells) in liver, speel, CNS, and bone marrow

Answer 23

Niemann-Pick Disease = cherry red macula

-Def of Acid Sphingomyelinase, which causes sphingomyelin (SM) to build up in lysosomes.

Question 24

Rh incompatibility between mother and newborn can result in _______ ___ or _____ ______ __ ____, forming Hydrops

Answer 24

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Question 25

If T

Answer 25

The cell will increase the unsaturated lipid content of the wall to make it more fluid (and therefore harder to crystalize)

Cholesterol!

Question 26

Spur Cell Anemia:

• Caused by elevated levels of _____ in RBC
• RBC will break as they pass through capillaries of the _____.
• Seen in advanced stages of ____ ______

Answer 26

• Cholesterol
• Spleen
• Alcohol cirrhosis

Question 27

How does the catalytic triad in serine proteases work?

Answer 27

Asp–His–Ser
Asp stabilized His and facilitates catalysis; His becomes positively charged and turns Ser into a very strong nucleophile (negatively charged). His-N cleaves peptide after Ser nucleophilic attack, and then the active site is restored by participation of water.

Question 28

GLUT5 Transports: ____

Answer 28

Fructose - remember: Fructose-Five

Question 29

Dietary monosaccharides enter from the intestinal lumen through:

1. Facilitated diffusion through ____ and ______ transporters
2. Secondary active transport through _____ transporters
3. Primary via _____ ____

Answer 29

1. GLUT2 and GLUT5 (fructose)
2. SGLT1
3. Na+/K+ ATPase