lec2

Question 1

things that are same in animal cell and plant cell

Answer 1

endoplasmic reticulm mitochondreon plasma memberane golgi apparatus

Question 2

in animal cells but not plant cells

Answer 2

lysosomes centriole flagella

Question 3

in plant cells but not animal cells

Answer 3

chloroplasts vacoule tonoplast cell wall plasmodesmata

Question 4

plant cell vacoule

Answer 4

plant cell has large vacuole but animal cell very small

Question 5

chromatin

Answer 5

DNA wrapped on histone protein

Question 6

nucleus has how many memb

Answer 6

double memb

Question 7

where is ribosome made

Answer 7

nucleolus

Question 8

nucleus is perforated with

Answer 8

pores

Question 9

ribosome catalysis is done by

Answer 9

rna

Question 10

ribosomes are actually

Answer 10

enzymes

Question 11

what does ribosomes do

Answer 11

make proteins using mrna protein synthesis

Question 12

where does ribosome sit and what does it do

Answer 12

it sits on er and makes protein

Question 13

where does mrna in ribosome sit

Answer 13

sits between 2 subunits reads mrna and makes protein

Question 14

where are prokaryotes in prok

Answer 14

attached to cell memberane

Question 15

which 3 organelles are ribosomes in

Answer 15

rer chloroplast mitochondrea

Question 16

where are ribosomes free in

Answer 16

cytoplasm

Question 17

translation

Answer 17

ribosome reads rna and produces encoded protein

Question 18

er memb is

Answer 18

continuous with nuclear memb

Question 19

rer has

Answer 19

ribosome`

Question 20

• After synthesis at the Rough ER, the proteins are then

Answer 20

chemically modified (adding sugars and/or phosphates) inside the ER. -After this they are packaged into transport vesicles and transported to the Golgi endomembrane system.

Question 21

what does ser do

Answer 21

The Smooth ER does not participate in protein synthesis. -Instead, it synthesises lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids for the production of cell membranes. -In some cell types the Smooth ER makes steroid hormones (e.g., testosterone or oestrogen). -In the liver the Smooth ER detoxifies drugs. any chemical like paracetemol will be broken down in liver

Question 22

The mitochondria are the respiratory centres of the cell

Answer 22

Mitochondria: -The site of respiration (the process of harvesting energy from food molecules) -2 membranes. The outer is smooth, while the inner is folded into cristae or shelf-like structures. -They function as semi-autonomous organisms with their own DNA and ribosomes for making some of their own proteins. -The summary equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) = 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATPs

Question 23

respiration occurs between

Answer 23

cytoplasm and mitochondrea

Question 24

chloroplast

Answer 24

Chloroplasts are a type of organelle called a plastid. They are found only in plant cells. They contain the pigment chlorophyll. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. •contain 3 membranes (outer, inner and thylakoid) –inner membrane surrounds a stroma which contains soluble enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is a granum. –thylakoid membrane contains the energy transducing machine

Question 25

cytoskeleton

Answer 25

• unique to eukaryotes • correlated with the evolution of mitosis • Essential for successful eukaryotic cell division • a dynamic set of filaments • for cell shape, cell support (reinforcement), cell movement set of proteins that help cell move lets animals adopt to extreme shapes memb fingers draped on cytoskeletal proteins put finger inside scarf memberane anology

Question 26

vacoule

Answer 26

• Most mature plant cells have one or more vacuoles that typically occupy more than 30% of the volume. - The vacuole houses water, contaning enzymes, ions, pigments, and toxic metabolic byproducts. - Transport of protons from cytosol to vacuole helps keep cytoplasmic pH stable. - Maintains turgor pressure against the cell wall (keeps cell inflated). - Pushes choloroplasts against the cellular membrane (closer to light). very important for life of the plant maintains enough liquid to push content of cell outside pushes chloropolast top also acts as a dumping ground for toxic metabolic products

Question 27

Extracellular Structures: Cell Wall in Plants and Fungi

Answer 27

• a distinguishing feature of plant and fungi cells (cf animal cells) - rigid structure outside the plasma membrane - consists of polysaccharides - the main one is cellulose (or chitin) - support for the cell - limits cellular expansion, but prohibits shape change