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Lec2 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached through structures to bone or skin, under voluntary control

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

only found in the heart- specialised to pump blood, involuntary control

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

surround many tubes of the body, involuntary control

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4
Q

function of muscle cells

A

to generate mechanical force

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5
Q

neurons

A

cells of the central nervous system specialised to initiate and integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances

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6
Q

nervous tissue

A

a collection of neurons

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7
Q

a nerve

A

neurons packaged together with connective tissue

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8
Q

epithelial cells function

A

specialised for the selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules and for protection
- cuboidal (cube like)
- columnar (elongated)
- squamous (flattened)
- ciliated (specialised function)
the 2 sides of the cell (apical and basolateral membranes) may have different functions. Epithelial cells can form barriers with tight junctions

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9
Q

connective tissue cells

A

connect, anchor and support the structures of the body

  • loose connective
  • dense connective
  • bone and cartilage
  • adipose
  • blood
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10
Q

functions of the extracellular matrix

A
  • provides scaffold for cellular attachment

- transmits info to cells to regulate activity eg migration

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11
Q

proteins of the extracellular matrix consist of…

A

collagen fibers and elastin fibers

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12
Q

organs are divided into…

A

functional units

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13
Q

organ systems are divided into…

A

organs

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14
Q

organs are composed of how many tissue types?

A

at least 2 (epithelial, connective, muscle, neuron)

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15
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid in the blood and surrounding cells

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16
Q

interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid around anf between cells

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17
Q

interstitium

A

the space containing interstitial fluid

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18
Q

exchange between body fluid compartments

A

the intracellular fluid is controlled by the interstitial fluid, which is conditioned by the plasma, which is conditioned by the organ systems it passes through

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19
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of reasonably stable balance

a state of dynamic constancy- physiological variables are maintained within a predictable range

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20
Q

pathophysiology

A

disordered/abnormal physiological processes associated with disease or injury

alterations to homeostasis outside the normal range

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21
Q

homeostatic control systems

A

the compensatory mechanisms that mediate responses to changes in the extracellular fluid, in order to correct the change

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22
Q

steady-state

A

a system in which a particular variable is not changing but in which energy must be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition

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23
Q

negative feedback

A

an increase or decrease in the variable brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction of the original change

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24
Q

positive feedback

A

accelerates a process, leading to an explosive system. Not common in nature compared to negative feedback

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25
set-point
the physiological variable around which the normal range fluctuates
26
why would we reset a set-point
sometimes adaptive- may increase body temp set point when fighting infection as increased temp inhibits proliferation of some pathogens
27
what is feed-forward control and why is it adaptive?
changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur which improves the speed of the body's homeostatic responses and minimises fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated
28
reflex
specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, built-in response to a particular stimulus
29
reflex arc
pathway mediating a reflex
30
stimulus
detectable change in the internal or external environ
31
receptor
detects the environmental change, produces a signal that is relayed to an integrating centre
32
integrating center
receives signals from many receptors, its output reflects the net effect of the total afferent input
33
effector
receives output from integrating center and changes activity- constitutes the overall response of the system
34
afferent pathway
along which the signal from the receptor travels to the integrating center
35
efferent pathway
signal from the integrating center travels to the effector via this pathway
36
intercellular messengers
3 types- neurotransmitters, hormones and paracrine substances. Allow cells to communicate and respond to homeostatic challenges
37
hormones
chemical messenger, hormone-secreting cell communicates with other cells with the blood acting as the delivery system
38
neurotransmitters
released from the ends of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells or gland cells, diffuse through the extracellular fluid between the neuron and target cell
39
paracrine substances
involved in local communication between cells, synthesised by cells and released into extracellular fluid where they diffuse to neighbouring cells. Generally inactivated by enzymes- do not enter the blood stream in large quantities
40
autocrine substances
secreted into the extracellular fluid and then acts on the same cell that secreted it. INTRACELLULAR messenger
41
adaptation
denotes a characteristic that favours survival in specific environments
42
acclimatisation
the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system - usually reversible
43
biological rhythms and how they effect homeostasis
add an anticipatory component to homeostatic control systems. They enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilised immediately and automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur but before it actually does
44
the pool
the body's readily available quantity of substance, often identical to the amount present in the extracellular fluid
45
net gain
gain of substances to the body via. food, air or synthesis within the body
46
net loss
loss of substances to the body via metabolism or excretion
47
for any substance, 3 states of total body balance are possible
gain outweighs loss, positive balance loss outweighs gain, negative balance loss = gain, stable balance
48
adaptation
denotes a characteristic that favours survival in specific environments
49
acclimatisation
the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system - usually reversible
50
biological rhythms and how they effect homeostasis
add an anticipatory component to homeostatic control systems. They enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilised immediately and automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur but before it actually does
51
the pool
the body's readily available quantity of substance, often identical to the amount present in the extracellular fluid
52
properties of molecules containing polar bonds
tend to be most soluble in water compared to non-polar molecules, readily dissolve in the blood, interstitial and intracellular fluid hydrophilic
53
net loss
loss of substances to the body via metabolism or excretion
54
hydrogen bonding
very weak electrostatic attraction between 2 polar molecules in close contact
55
when are atoms most stable
when the outer shell is full and electrons are paired
56
the ionic forms of mineral elements are referred to as what?
electrolytes
57
polar covalent bonds
the shared pair of electrons resides closer to one atom of the pair
58
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons
59
properties of molecules containing polar bonds
tend to be most soluble in water compared to non-polar molecules, readily dissolve in the blood, interstitial and intracellular fluid
60
where are non-polar molecules often found
in the lipid bilayers of the membranes of cells and intracellular organelles, because non-polar molecules are hydrophobic
61
hydrogen bonding
very weak electrostatic attraction between 2 polar molecules in close contact
62
amphipathic molecules
molecules that have a polar or ionised region at one end and a non-polar region at the opposite end- when mixed with water they form clusters
63
lipid subclasses
fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids steroids
64
why are lipids important in physiology
some of them provide energy some are a major component of all cellular membranes some are important signalling molecules
65
structure of phospolipids
similar to trigylcerides (glycerol+ 3 fatty acids) but the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to a phosphate group, In addition a small polar or ionised nitrogen-containing molecule is usually attached to this phosphate
66
properties of steriods
NOT water-soluble but can diffuse though membranes examples - cholesterol - cortisol - oestrogen - testosterone
67
essential amino acids
must be obtained in the diet, cannot be synthesised
68
what are proteins composed of?
carbons, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements such as sulfur

Physiology1 (6 decks)

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