Lec1 - Chemical Bonds in Biology Flashcards
Acetyl group?
CH3-CO-… (specific type of ACYL group)
Sulfhydryl/Thiol Group?
HS-
Anhydride?
X-CO-O-CO-X
Phosphoanhydride?
POO- - O - POO-
Thioester?
X-S-CO-X (like ester but with SH -> S instead of OH -> O)
Hemiacetal vs Acetal
Hemiacetal = (sorta) O-CH-OH in sugar molecule
Acetal = O-CH-O-[next molecule]
What makes certain conformations more likely than others?
Conformations that bring “bulky” groups close together are LESS energetically favourable
How does the presence of one double bond affect the geometry of carbon atoms?
If a carbon atom has ONE double bond, it will have TRIGONAL PLANAR geometry instead of tetrahedral
Do single and double bonds allow rotation?
Single bonds do, double bonds DO NOT
What is the difference between “acetyl” and “acyl” functional groups?
An acyl group is a carbonyl (C=O) bonded to any R group (e.g., CH3, CH2CH3, etc). “Acyl” is generally used when this R group is 5C or longer
An acetyl group is a specific kind of acyl group in which the R group is 2 carbon atoms long (CH3-CH2-CO-)
How are phosphodiester bonds formed?
When two hydroxyl groups in a phosphate group react with other hydroxyl groups to form ester linkages
How are phosphoanhydrides formed?
When the hydroxyl groups of two phosphate groups react in a condensation reaction
How are thioesters formed?
Similar to “normal” ester formation, except a thiol/sulfhydryl (SH) group reacts instead of hydroxyl (OH), giving:
X-S-CO-X1
How are disulfide bonds formed?
When two SH groups react -> X-S-S-X1
What is an ether bond?
A rare bond formed when two OH groups react:
X-O-X
