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Fertility Prac > Lec.1-2-3-4-5 > Flashcards

Lec.1-2-3-4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the external part of the female reproductive system?

A

The vagina and vulva.

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2
Q

How many oviducts are present in the female reproductive system?

A

2 oviducts

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3
Q

What are the parts of the uterus in the female reproductive system?

A

The uterus consists of 2 uterine horns & a uterine body

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4
Q

What are the main anatomical components of the female reproductive system?

A

2 ovaries 2 oviducts

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5
Q

What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

A

Responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

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6
Q

What are the main components of the female reproductive system?

A

Body of Uterus Cervix

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7
Q

function of the clitoris ?

A

sexual arousal & pleasure.

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8
Q

Which structure connects the uterus to the vagina?

A

The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina.

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9
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum in the female reproductive system?

A

The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped end of the oviduct that helps capture the egg released from the ovary.

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10
Q

What characterizes a secondary ovarian follicle?

A

A secondary ovarian follicle has an oocyte surrounded by a stratified epithelium and theca cells.

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11
Q

How many layers of cells are present in a primary ovarian follicle?

A

A primary ovarian follicle has one or more layers of cells.

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12
Q

What is the structure of a Graafian follicle?

A

A Graafian follicle has an antrum that accumulates fluid with the oocyte located at one side and surrounded by cumulus oophorus.

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13
Q

What is the corpus luteum and what occurs after its formation?

A

The corpus luteum is a ruptured follicle (corpus haemorrhagicum) that rapidly increases in size and weight. If no pregnancy occurs it undergoes regression to become the corpus albicans

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14
Q

What happens to an atretic ovarian follicle?

A

An atretic ovarian follicle degenerates.

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15
Q

What is a primordial ovarian follicle composed of?

A

A primordial ovarian follicle consists of a small immature oocyte and a single layer of cells.

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16
Q

What features define a tertiary or vesicular ovarian follicle?;

A

A tertiary or vesicular ovarian follicle contains a full-sized primary oocyte a central cavity (antrum) filled with follicular fluid

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17
Q

What indicates the classification of early antral follicles in ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Follicles are recorded as early antral follicles once a small developing antrum is identified.

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18
Q

What distinguishes late antral follicles in the ovaries of ewe lambs?

A

Late antral follicles exhibit a clearly formed antral cavity with an almost isolated oocyte surrounded by the cumulus oophorus.

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19
Q

How are polyovular follicles defined in the context of ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Follicles with two or more oocytes inside are classified as polyovular follicles.

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20
Q

How are primary follicles defined in the histological sections of ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Primary follicles have an oocyte surrounded by a cuboidal epithelium of one to less than two layers of granulosa cells.

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21
Q

What is an atretic follicle and what are its characteristics in ewe lamb ovaries?

A

The detachment of cells in the antrum and the absence of cumulus oophorit.

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22
Q

What characterizes primordial follicles in the ovaries of 40-day-old ewe lambs?

A

Primordial follicles show an oocyte surrounded by a flat single layer of follicular cells.

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23
Q

What features are present in secondary follicles of 40-day-old ewe lambs?

A

Secondary follicles present the oocyte and zona pellucida surrounded by a variable number of concentric layers two or more

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the oviduct?

A

The oviduct is responsible for the movement of both oocytes and spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.

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25
Q

What role do the circular and longitudinal muscles play in the oviduct?; The circular and longitudinal muscles aid in the transport of oocytes and spermatozoa.

A
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26
Q

Where does fertilization occur within the oviduct?

A

occurs in the ampulla. which is a distal dilated portion of the oviduct.

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27
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae in the oviduct?

A

The fimbriae prevent oocytes from dropping into the peritoneal cavity.

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28
Q

What are the two types of cells that line the oviduct?

A

The oviduct is lined with both secretory and ciliated cells.

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29
Q

What is the infundibulum in relation to the oviduct?

A

The infundibulum is a funnel-shaped portion adjacent to the ovary that directs the ovum into the oviduct.

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30
Q

What distinguishes the isthmus of the oviduct from the ampulla?

A

The isthmus is a narrow portion connecting the oviduct to the uterine lumen has a thicker muscular wall

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31
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A

Include transporting sperm to the site of fertilization receiving the fertilized ovum

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32
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

The three layers of the uterine wall are the endometrium myometrium

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33
Q

What is the function of the endometrium?

A

The endometrium is highly glandular and varies in thickness and vascularity under hormonal influence; in ruminants it has caruncles where fetal membranes attach.

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34
Q

What changes occur in the myometrium during pregnancy?

A

During pregnancy the myometrium undergoes **hypertrophy **(increased cell size) and hyperplasia (increased cell numbers).

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35
Q

What is the role of the tunica serosa (perimetrium)?

A

The tunica serosa (perimetrium) provides suspensory support for the uterus and is suspended bilaterally from the body wall by the mesometrium.

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36
Q

What are the three main parts of the uterus?

A

The three main parts of the uterus are the two horns (coruna) the uterine body (corpus)

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37
Q

What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?

A

The cervix acts as a heavy smooth muscle sphincter that is tightly closed except during oestrus and parturition

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38
Q

How does the cervix differ in structure between ruminants and mares?

A

In mares the cervix is relatively smooth and projects prominently into the vagina

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39
Q

What role does mucus secretion from the cervix play in the female reproductive system?

A

The mucus flow from the cervix prevents infective materials from entering the uterus.

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40
Q

What unique feature is found on the inner surface of the cervix in ruminants?

A

In ruminants the inner surface of the cervix is arranged in a series of rings called annular rings.

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41
Q

What anatomical structures are located at the caudal portion of the female genitalia?

A

The caudal portion of the female genitalia includes the vulva which is the vestibule of the vagina

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42
Q

What is the primary function of the vagina in relation to copulation?

A

The vagina serves as a sheath for the male penis during copulation.

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43
Q

What does the uterine artery supply?

A

The uterine artery supplies blood to the uterine body and horns.

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44
Q

What is the role of the vagina during parturition?

A

The vagina acts as a passage for the fetus during parturition.

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45
Q

What is one of the signs of pregnancy in cattle related to the uterine artery?

A

One sign of pregnancy in cattle is the palpable vibration of the uterine artery known as fremitus

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46
Q

What is the function of the ovarian artery?

A

The ovarian artery supplies blood to the ovaries oviducts

47
Q

What areas does the vaginal artery supply?

A

The vaginal artery supplies blood to the vagina caudal part of the uterus

48
Q

What is the clitoris and what are its characteristics?

A

The clitoris is the counterpart to the male penis composed of erectile tissue and containing sensory nerve endings.

49
Q

What hormonal changes occur in domestic animals during pregnancy that affect the uterus?

A

During pregnancy levels of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen increase

50
Q

What role does the uterine lining play during pregnancy in domestic animals?

A

The uterine lining or endometrium

51
Q

How does the blood supply to the uterus change during pregnancy in domestic animals?

A

The blood supply to the uterus increases significantly during pregnancy to meet the metabolic demands of the developing fetus with enhanced vascularization and blood flow.

52
Q

What are the main structural changes that occur in the uterus during pregnancy in domestic animals?

A

During pregnancy the uterus undergoes significant changes including enlargement

53
Q

What are traditional protocols for synchronizing estrus designed to control?

A

Traditional protocols for synchronizing estrus are designed to mimic or control the corpus luteum on the ovary.

54
Q

What is the purpose of synchronizing estrus in females?

A

The purpose of estrus synchronization is to group females for parturition reduce or eliminate estrus detection

55
Q

What have new protocols for estrus synchronization been designed to control?

A

New protocols for estrus synchronization have been designed to control ovulation.

56
Q

What is the role of oil and povidone iodine in estrus synchronization?; Oil and povidone iodine are used for sterilization and lubrication during the insertion of intra vaginal devices.

A
57
Q

What is the function of PMSG hormones in estrus synchronization?

A

PMSG hormones (Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin) are used to stimulate ovarian activity and promote estrus synchronization.

58
Q

What is the purpose of a progesterone-releasing intra vaginal device (PRID) in estrus synchronization?

A

The progesterone-releasing intra vaginal device (PRID) is used to maintain elevated progesterone levels to help synchronize estrus cycles.

59
Q

What is a controlled intra vaginal drug-release device used for in estrus synchronization?

A

A controlled intra vaginal drug-release device (CIDR) is used to regulate hormone levels to synchronize estrus in female animals.

60
Q

What is the purpose of an ointment in the context of estrus synchronization?

A

An ointment may be used to provide lubrication or to protect the vaginal mucosa during the insertion of devices.

61
Q

What is Prostaglandin F2α used for in estrus synchronization?

A

Prostaglandin F2α (Lutalyse or cloprostenol sodium) is used to induce luteolysis and synchronize estrus by causing regression of the corpus luteum.

62
Q

What type of device is used for estrus synchronization in sheep and goats?

A

Intra vaginal sponges are used for estrus synchronization in sheep and goats.

63
Q

How does PMSG affect the reproductive cycle in sheep and goats?; PMSG stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles and can induce ovulation

A

thereby facilitating breeding.

64
Q

What is the purpose of using intra vaginal sponges in sheep and goats?

A

Intra vaginal sponges are used to synchronize estrus in sheep and goats by delivering hormones over a period of time.

65
Q

What does PMSG stand for in the context of reproductive hormones?

A

PMSG stands for Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin a hormone used to induce ovulation in livestock.

66
Q

What types of hormones are commonly delivered using a CIDR?

A

Common hormones delivered using a CIDR include progesterone and other reproductive hormones to regulate estrous cycles.

67
Q

What is a Controlled Intra Vaginal Drug Release device (CIDR)?

A

A CIDR is a device used to deliver hormones or medications directly into the vaginal cavity for controlled release over a period of time.

68
Q

What are the advantages of using a CIDR for drug delivery?

A

Advantages include improved compliance targeted delivery

69
Q

What are the primary uses of a CIDR in veterinary medicine?

A

CIDRs are primarily used for estrous synchronization and to manage reproductive cycles in livestock.

70
Q

How does a CIDR work to release drugs?

A

A CIDR works by slowly releasing the drug through a membrane into the vaginal tissue allowing for sustained therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.

71
Q

How does a Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID) function?

A

The PRID releases progesterone locally within the vagina which helps to maintain pregnancy and regulate the estrous cycle.

72
Q

What is the purpose of a Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID)?; The PRID is used to deliver progesterone to regulate reproductive processes in animals

A

particularly for estrous synchronization.

73
Q

In which species is the Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID) commonly used?

A

The PRID is commonly used in cattle and other livestock for reproductive management.

74
Q

In which reproductive processes is Prostaglandin F2 α primarily involved?; Prostaglandin F2 α is primarily involved in luteolysis

A

the initiation of labor

75
Q

What is the role of Prostaglandin F2 α in the female reproductive system?

A

Prostaglandin F2 α is involved in the regulation of reproductive processes including the induction of luteolysis

76
Q

How does Prostaglandin F2 α affect the estrous cycle?

A

Prostaglandin F2 α plays a crucial role in the estrous cycle by causing the regression of the corpus luteum. which decreases progesterone levels and allows for the onset of estrus.

77
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in cattle regarding the corpus luteum?

A

Prostaglandins such as Lutalyse and Estrumate

78
Q

What is the difference in the use of progestin vaginal pessaries for sheep in season versus out of season?

A

In season progestin vaginal pessaries work alone

79
Q

How do progestins affect LH secretion in cattle?

A

Progestins inhibit LH secretion by long-term administration of progesterone using methods like CIDR or MGA (Melengesterol Acetate).

80
Q

When can prostaglandins like Lutalyse and Estrumate be effectively used in sheep?

A

Prostaglandins only work in season for sheep.

81
Q

What is the function of GnRH in ovulation for cattle?

A

GnRH is used to induce ovulation in cattle.

82
Q

How does Prostaglandin F2α affect the timing of estrus in cows?

A

Prostaglandin F2α administration can synchronize estrus by causing the cows to return to heat within a specific timeframe after treatment allowing for more coordinated breeding.

83
Q

What are the benefits of using Prostaglandin F2α for estrous synchronization in cattle?

A

The benefits include improved reproductive efficiency better timing for artificial insemination

84
Q

What is the typical protocol for administering Prostaglandin F2α in cows?

A

The typical protocol involves administering Prostaglandin F2α at a specific time in the estrous cycle often followed by a second dose to ensure synchronization.

85
Q

What is the role of Prostaglandin F2α in cow estrous synchronization?

A

Prostaglandin F2α is used to induce luteolysis leading to the regression of the corpus luteum and the initiation of a new estrous cycle in cows.

86
Q

How many days after AI is the one injection prostaglandin protocol typically implemented?

A

The one injection prostaglandin protocol is typically implemented with 5 days of AI.

87
Q

What is the purpose of one injection of PGF2α in a reproductive protocol?

A

One injection of PGF2α is used to synchronize estrus in females facilitating timed artificial insemination (AI).

88
Q

What is the purpose of administering two injections of PGF2α in reproductive processes?

A

Two injections of PGF2α are often used to synchronize estrus in livestock by inducing luteolysis which helps in managing breeding schedules.

89
Q

What is the procedure for cow estrous synchronization using CIDR and PGF2α injection?

A

On day 0 a CIDR is placed in the vagina. On day 7

90
Q

How long should progestogen be fed in Method 1 of the MGA system?

A

For 9 days at a dosage of 0.5 mg/head/day.

91
Q

What should be done on Day 8 of the MGA system?

A

Inject PGF2a to regress the corpus luteum (C.L.).

92
Q

When do cows typically come into heat after removing progestogen on Day 9?

A

Cows are in heat in 2 to 5 days.

93
Q

What is the alternative method for using MGA and how long is it fed?

A

Feed MGA for 14 days and do not breed on the first heat due to poor fertility.

94
Q

When should PGF2a be injected in the alternative method after withdrawal of MGA?

A

17 days after withdrawal of MGA.

95
Q

What is the primary purpose of feeding Melengesterol Acetate (MGA) to cows?

A

To prevent estrus in diestrus and proestrus animals.

96
Q

When should PGF2α be used in the breeding season?

A

PGF2α should be used only during the breeding season with 2 injections of Lutalyse (20 mg) 9 days apart.

97
Q

What is the effect of PGF2α if the ewe is in anestrus?

A

There is no effect if the ewe is in anestrus as there is no corpus luteum (CL) present.

98
Q

What is the first step in the intra vaginal sponge method for estrous synchronization in sheep and goats?

A

Insert the sponge for 14 days using a clean technique and lubricate the sponges before insertion at an upward angle.

99
Q

When should ewes be inseminated after sponge removal?; Ewes should be inseminated 52 - 55 hours after sponge removal or 10 - 18 hours after the ewe is marked by a teaser ram in case of artificial insemination.

A
100
Q

What is the procedure for natural breeding after sponge removal?

A

Introduce the ram to the field to inseminate the ewes naturally.

101
Q

What should be done on Day 14 of the intra vaginal sponge method?

A

Remove the sponge gently at a downward angle and inject PMSG (500 i.u.).

102
Q

What is the function of the ciliated epithelium in the oviduct?

A

The ciliated epithelium in the oviduct helps to transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.

103
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the endometrium of the uterus?

A

The endometrium of the uterus is lined with simple columnar epithelium.

104
Q

What are the main components of the ovarian follicle?

A

The main components of the ovarian follicle include the oocyte granulosa cells

105
Q

What is the primary tissue type found in the lining of the vagina?;

A

The primary tissue type found in the lining of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium.

106
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the stroma of the ovary?

A

The stroma of the ovary is primarily composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

107
Q

What indicates the classification of follicles as early antral follicles?

A

Follicles are recorded as early antral follicles once a small developing antrum is identified.

108
Q

What features are present in secondary follicles of ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Secondary follicles present the oocyte and zona pellucida surrounded by two or more concentric layers of cuboidal granulosa cells without a discernible antrum.

109
Q

What distinguishes late antral follicles in ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Late antral follicles exhibit a clearly formed antral cavity with an almost isolated oocyte surrounded by the cumulus oophorus.

110
Q

How are polyovular follicles defined in the context of ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Follicles with two or more oocytes inside are classified as polyovular follicles.

111
Q

What characterizes primordial follicles in the ovaries of 40-day-old ewe lambs?

A

Primordial follicles show an oocyte surrounded by a flat single layer of follicular cells.

112
Q

What is an example of an atretic follicle in ewe lamb ovaries?

A

An atretic follicle is characterized by the detachment of cells in the antrum and absence of cumulus oophorus.

113
Q

How are primary follicles defined in the histological sections of ewe lamb ovaries?

A

Primary follicles have an oocyte surrounded by a cuboidal epithelium of one to less than two layers of granulosa cells.

114
Q

How do you calculate the developmental age of a calf lamb

A

Milestones

Fertility Prac (1 decks)

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