Lec.1-2-3-4-5 Flashcards
1
Q
What structures make up the external part of the female reproductive system?
A
The vagina and vulva.
2
Q
How many oviducts are present in the female reproductive system?
A
2 oviducts
3
Q
What are the parts of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
A
The uterus consists of 2 uterine horns & a uterine body
4
Q
What are the main anatomical components of the female reproductive system?
A
2 ovaries 2 oviducts
5
Q
What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
A
Responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
6
Q
What are the main components of the female reproductive system?
A
Body of Uterus Cervix
7
Q
function of the clitoris ?
A
sexual arousal & pleasure.
8
Q
Which structure connects the uterus to the vagina?
A
The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina.
9
Q
What is the function of the infundibulum in the female reproductive system?
A
The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped end of the oviduct that helps capture the egg released from the ovary.
10
Q
What characterizes a secondary ovarian follicle?
A
A secondary ovarian follicle has an oocyte surrounded by a stratified epithelium and theca cells.
11
Q
How many layers of cells are present in a primary ovarian follicle?
A
A primary ovarian follicle has one or more layers of cells.
12
Q
What is the structure of a Graafian follicle?
A
A Graafian follicle has an antrum that accumulates fluid with the oocyte located at one side and surrounded by cumulus oophorus.
13
Q
What is the corpus luteum and what occurs after its formation?
A
The corpus luteum is a ruptured follicle (corpus haemorrhagicum) that rapidly increases in size and weight. If no pregnancy occurs it undergoes regression to become the corpus albicans
14
Q
What happens to an atretic ovarian follicle?
A
An atretic ovarian follicle degenerates.
15
Q
What is a primordial ovarian follicle composed of?
A
A primordial ovarian follicle consists of a small immature oocyte and a single layer of cells.
16
Q
What features define a tertiary or vesicular ovarian follicle?;
A
A tertiary or vesicular ovarian follicle contains a full-sized primary oocyte a central cavity (antrum) filled with follicular fluid
17
Q
What indicates the classification of early antral follicles in ewe lamb ovaries?
A
Follicles are recorded as early antral follicles once a small developing antrum is identified.
18
Q
What distinguishes late antral follicles in the ovaries of ewe lambs?
A
Late antral follicles exhibit a clearly formed antral cavity with an almost isolated oocyte surrounded by the cumulus oophorus.
19
Q
How are polyovular follicles defined in the context of ewe lamb ovaries?
A
Follicles with two or more oocytes inside are classified as polyovular follicles.
20
Q
How are primary follicles defined in the histological sections of ewe lamb ovaries?
A
Primary follicles have an oocyte surrounded by a cuboidal epithelium of one to less than two layers of granulosa cells.
21
Q
What is an atretic follicle and what are its characteristics in ewe lamb ovaries?
A
The detachment of cells in the antrum and the absence of cumulus oophorit.
22
Q
What characterizes primordial follicles in the ovaries of 40-day-old ewe lambs?
A
Primordial follicles show an oocyte surrounded by a flat single layer of follicular cells.
23
Q
What features are present in secondary follicles of 40-day-old ewe lambs?
A
Secondary follicles present the oocyte and zona pellucida surrounded by a variable number of concentric layers two or more
24
Q
What is the primary function of the oviduct?
A
The oviduct is responsible for the movement of both oocytes and spermatozoa to the site of fertilization.
25
What role do the circular and longitudinal muscles play in the oviduct?; The circular and longitudinal muscles aid in the transport of oocytes and spermatozoa.
26
Where does fertilization occur within the oviduct?
occurs in the ampulla. which is a distal dilated portion of the oviduct.
27
What is the function of the fimbriae in the oviduct?
The fimbriae prevent oocytes from dropping into the peritoneal cavity.
28
What are the two types of cells that line the oviduct?
The oviduct is lined with both **secretory and ciliated cells.**
29
What is the infundibulum in relation to the oviduct?
The infundibulum is a funnel-shaped portion adjacent to the ovary that directs the ovum into the oviduct.
30
What distinguishes the isthmus of the oviduct from the ampulla?
The isthmus is a narrow portion connecting the oviduct to the uterine lumen has a thicker muscular wall
31
What are the functions of the uterus?
Include transporting sperm to the site of fertilization receiving the fertilized ovum
32
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
The three layers of the uterine wall are the endometrium myometrium
33
What is the function of the endometrium?
The endometrium is highly glandular and varies in thickness and vascularity under hormonal influence; in ruminants it has caruncles where fetal membranes attach.
34
What changes occur in the myometrium during pregnancy?
During pregnancy the myometrium undergoes **hypertrophy **(increased cell size) and **hyperplasia** (increased cell numbers).
35
What is the role of the tunica serosa (perimetrium)?
The tunica serosa (perimetrium) provides suspensory support for the uterus and is suspended bilaterally from the body wall by the mesometrium.
36
What are the three main parts of the uterus?
The three main parts of the uterus are the two horns (coruna) the uterine body (corpus)
37
What is the primary function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
The cervix acts as a heavy smooth muscle sphincter that is tightly closed except during oestrus and parturition
38
How does the cervix differ in structure between ruminants and mares?
In mares the cervix is relatively smooth and projects prominently into the vagina
39
What role does mucus secretion from the cervix play in the female reproductive system?
The mucus flow from the cervix prevents infective materials from entering the uterus.
40
What unique feature is found on the inner surface of the cervix in ruminants?
In ruminants the inner surface of the cervix is arranged in a series of rings called annular rings.
41
What anatomical structures are located at the caudal portion of the female genitalia?
The caudal portion of the female genitalia includes the vulva which is the vestibule of the vagina
42
What is the primary function of the vagina in relation to copulation?
The vagina serves as a sheath for the male penis during copulation.
43
What does the uterine artery supply?
The uterine artery supplies blood to the uterine body and horns.
44
What is the role of the vagina during parturition?
The vagina acts as a passage for the fetus during parturition.
45
What is one of the signs of pregnancy in cattle related to the uterine artery?
One sign of pregnancy in cattle is the palpable vibration of the uterine artery known as fremitus
46
What is the function of the ovarian artery?
The ovarian artery supplies blood to the ovaries oviducts
47
What areas does the vaginal artery supply?
The vaginal artery supplies blood to the vagina caudal part of the uterus
48
What is the clitoris and what are its characteristics?
The clitoris is the counterpart to the male penis composed of erectile tissue and containing sensory nerve endings.
49
What hormonal changes occur in domestic animals during pregnancy that affect the uterus?
During pregnancy levels of hormones such as progesterone and estrogen increase
50
What role does the uterine lining play during pregnancy in domestic animals?
The uterine lining or endometrium
51
How does the blood supply to the uterus change during pregnancy in domestic animals?
The blood supply to the uterus increases significantly during pregnancy to meet the metabolic demands of the developing fetus with enhanced vascularization and blood flow.
52
What are the main structural changes that occur in the uterus during pregnancy in domestic animals?
During pregnancy the uterus undergoes significant changes including enlargement
53
What are traditional protocols for synchronizing estrus designed to control?
Traditional protocols for synchronizing estrus are designed to mimic or control the corpus luteum on the ovary.
54
What is the purpose of synchronizing estrus in females?
The purpose of estrus synchronization is to group females for parturition reduce or eliminate estrus detection
55
What have new protocols for estrus synchronization been designed to control?
New protocols for estrus synchronization have been designed to control ovulation.
56
What is the role of oil and povidone iodine in estrus synchronization?; Oil and povidone iodine are used for sterilization and lubrication during the insertion of intra vaginal devices.
57
What is the function of PMSG hormones in estrus synchronization?
PMSG hormones (Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin) are used to stimulate ovarian activity and promote estrus synchronization.
58
What is the purpose of a progesterone-releasing intra vaginal device (PRID) in estrus synchronization?
The progesterone-releasing intra vaginal device (PRID) is used to maintain elevated progesterone levels to help synchronize estrus cycles.
59
What is a controlled intra vaginal drug-release device used for in estrus synchronization?
A controlled intra vaginal drug-release device (CIDR) is used to regulate hormone levels to synchronize estrus in female animals.
60
What is the purpose of an ointment in the context of estrus synchronization?
An ointment may be used to provide lubrication or to protect the vaginal mucosa during the insertion of devices.
61
What is Prostaglandin F2α used for in estrus synchronization?
Prostaglandin F2α (Lutalyse or cloprostenol sodium) is used to induce luteolysis and synchronize estrus by causing regression of the corpus luteum.
62
What type of device is used for estrus synchronization in sheep and goats?
Intra vaginal sponges are used for estrus synchronization in sheep and goats.
63
How does PMSG affect the reproductive cycle in sheep and goats?; PMSG stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles and can induce ovulation
thereby facilitating breeding.
64
What is the purpose of using intra vaginal sponges in sheep and goats?
Intra vaginal sponges are used to synchronize estrus in sheep and goats by delivering hormones over a period of time.
65
What does PMSG stand for in the context of reproductive hormones?
PMSG stands for Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin a hormone used to induce ovulation in livestock.
66
What types of hormones are commonly delivered using a CIDR?
Common hormones delivered using a CIDR include progesterone and other reproductive hormones to regulate estrous cycles.
67
What is a Controlled Intra Vaginal Drug Release device (CIDR)?
A CIDR is a device used to deliver hormones or medications directly into the vaginal cavity for controlled release over a period of time.
68
What are the advantages of using a CIDR for drug delivery?
Advantages include improved compliance targeted delivery
69
What are the primary uses of a CIDR in veterinary medicine?
CIDRs are primarily used for estrous synchronization and to manage reproductive cycles in livestock.
70
How does a CIDR work to release drugs?
A CIDR works by slowly releasing the drug through a membrane into the vaginal tissue allowing for sustained therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.
71
How does a Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID) function?
The PRID releases progesterone locally within the vagina which helps to maintain pregnancy and regulate the estrous cycle.
72
What is the purpose of a Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID)?; The PRID is used to deliver progesterone to regulate reproductive processes in animals
particularly for estrous synchronization.
73
In which species is the Progesterone-releasing Intra vaginal device (PRID) commonly used?
The PRID is commonly used in cattle and other livestock for reproductive management.
74
In which reproductive processes is Prostaglandin F2 α primarily involved?; Prostaglandin F2 α is primarily involved in luteolysis
the initiation of labor
75
What is the role of Prostaglandin F2 α in the female reproductive system?
Prostaglandin F2 α is involved in the regulation of reproductive processes including the induction of luteolysis
76
How does Prostaglandin F2 α affect the estrous cycle?
Prostaglandin F2 α plays a crucial role in the estrous cycle by causing the regression of the corpus luteum. which decreases progesterone levels and allows for the onset of estrus.
77
What is the role of prostaglandins in cattle regarding the corpus luteum?
Prostaglandins such as Lutalyse and Estrumate
78
What is the difference in the use of progestin vaginal pessaries for sheep in season versus out of season?
In season progestin vaginal pessaries work alone
79
How do progestins affect LH secretion in cattle?
Progestins inhibit LH secretion by long-term administration of progesterone using methods like CIDR or MGA (Melengesterol Acetate).
80
When can prostaglandins like Lutalyse and Estrumate be effectively used in sheep?
Prostaglandins only work in season for sheep.
81
What is the function of GnRH in ovulation for cattle?
GnRH is used to induce ovulation in cattle.
82
How does Prostaglandin F2α affect the timing of estrus in cows?
Prostaglandin F2α administration can synchronize estrus by causing the cows to return to heat within a specific timeframe after treatment allowing for more coordinated breeding.
83
What are the benefits of using Prostaglandin F2α for estrous synchronization in cattle?
The benefits include improved reproductive efficiency better timing for artificial insemination
84
What is the typical protocol for administering Prostaglandin F2α in cows?
The typical protocol involves administering Prostaglandin F2α at a specific time in the estrous cycle often followed by a second dose to ensure synchronization.
85
What is the role of Prostaglandin F2α in cow estrous synchronization?
Prostaglandin F2α is used to induce luteolysis leading to the regression of the corpus luteum and the initiation of a new estrous cycle in cows.
86
How many days after AI is the one injection prostaglandin protocol typically implemented?
The one injection prostaglandin protocol is typically implemented with 5 days of AI.
87
What is the purpose of one injection of PGF2α in a reproductive protocol?
One injection of PGF2α is used to synchronize estrus in females facilitating timed artificial insemination (AI).
88
What is the purpose of administering two injections of PGF2α in reproductive processes?
Two injections of PGF2α are often used to synchronize estrus in livestock by inducing luteolysis which helps in managing breeding schedules.
89
What is the procedure for cow estrous synchronization using CIDR and PGF2α injection?
On day 0 a CIDR is placed in the vagina. On day 7
90
How long should progestogen be fed in Method 1 of the MGA system?
For 9 days at a dosage of 0.5 mg/head/day.
91
What should be done on Day 8 of the MGA system?
Inject PGF2a to regress the corpus luteum (C.L.).
92
When do cows typically come into heat after removing progestogen on Day 9?
Cows are in heat in 2 to 5 days.
93
What is the alternative method for using MGA and how long is it fed?
Feed MGA for 14 days and do not breed on the first heat due to poor fertility.
94
When should PGF2a be injected in the alternative method after withdrawal of MGA?
17 days after withdrawal of MGA.
95
What is the primary purpose of feeding Melengesterol Acetate (MGA) to cows?
To prevent estrus in diestrus and proestrus animals.
96
When should PGF2α be used in the breeding season?
PGF2α should be used only during the breeding season with 2 injections of Lutalyse (20 mg) 9 days apart.
97
What is the effect of PGF2α if the ewe is in anestrus?
There is no effect if the ewe is in anestrus as there is no corpus luteum (CL) present.
98
What is the first step in the intra vaginal sponge method for estrous synchronization in sheep and goats?
Insert the sponge for 14 days using a clean technique and lubricate the sponges before insertion at an upward angle.
99
When should ewes be inseminated after sponge removal?; Ewes should be inseminated 52 - 55 hours after sponge removal or 10 - 18 hours after the ewe is marked by a teaser ram in case of artificial insemination.
100
What is the procedure for natural breeding after sponge removal?
Introduce the ram to the field to inseminate the ewes naturally.
101
What should be done on Day 14 of the intra vaginal sponge method?
Remove the sponge gently at a downward angle and inject PMSG (500 i.u.).
102
What is the function of the ciliated epithelium in the oviduct?
The ciliated epithelium in the oviduct helps to transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
103
What type of epithelium is present in the endometrium of the uterus?
The endometrium of the uterus is lined with simple columnar epithelium.
104
What are the main components of the ovarian follicle?
The main components of the ovarian follicle include the oocyte granulosa cells
105
What is the primary tissue type found in the lining of the vagina?;
The primary tissue type found in the lining of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium.
106
What type of connective tissue is found in the stroma of the ovary?
The stroma of the ovary is primarily composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
107
What indicates the classification of follicles as early antral follicles?
Follicles are recorded as early antral follicles once a small developing antrum is identified.
108
What features are present in secondary follicles of ewe lamb ovaries?
Secondary follicles present the oocyte and zona pellucida surrounded by two or more concentric layers of cuboidal granulosa cells without a discernible antrum.
109
What distinguishes late antral follicles in ewe lamb ovaries?
Late antral follicles exhibit a clearly formed antral cavity with an almost isolated oocyte surrounded by the cumulus oophorus.
110
How are polyovular follicles defined in the context of ewe lamb ovaries?
Follicles with two or more oocytes inside are classified as polyovular follicles.
111
What characterizes primordial follicles in the ovaries of 40-day-old ewe lambs?
Primordial follicles show an oocyte surrounded by a flat single layer of follicular cells.
112
What is an example of an atretic follicle in ewe lamb ovaries?
An atretic follicle is characterized by the detachment of cells in the antrum and absence of cumulus oophorus.
113
How are primary follicles defined in the histological sections of ewe lamb ovaries?
Primary follicles have an oocyte surrounded by a cuboidal epithelium of one to less than two layers of granulosa cells.
114
How do you calculate the developmental age of a calf lamb
Milestones
