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biol 303 > lec set 1 > Flashcards

lec set 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is development of an organism?

A

how that organism:
- maintains tissue homeostasis
- adapts to its environment
- produces other single cells that then aid in the reproduction of the species
- evolves as a species

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2
Q

Definition: gamete

A

a specialized reproductive cell through which sexually reproducing parents pass chromosomes to their offspring (a sperm or an egg)

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3
Q

Definition: zygote

A

a fertilized egg with a diploid chromosomal complement in its zygote nucleus generated by fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei

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4
Q

Definition: clevage

A

a series of rapid biotic cell divisions following fertilization in many early embryos
- it divides the embryo without increasing its mass

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5
Q

Definition: blastomere

A

a cleavage-stage cell resulting from mitosis

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6
Q

Definition: morula

A

vertebrate embryo of 16-64 cells
- proceeds the blastula/ blastocyst stage

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7
Q

Definition: blastula

A

early stage embryo consisting of a sphere of cells surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel)

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8
Q

Definition: blastocoel

A

inner fluid filled cavity of blastula

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9
Q

Definition: gastrulation

A

a process involving movement of the blasters of the embryo relative to one another resulting in the formation of three germ layers of the embryo

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10
Q

Definition: gastrula

A

a stage of the embryo following gastrulation that contains the three germs layers that will interact to GENERATE THE ORGANS OF THE BODY

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11
Q

Definition: germ layer

A

one of the three layers of the vertebrate embryo generated by the process of gastrulation that will FORM ALL OF THE TISSUES OF THE BODY (expect for the germ cells)

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12
Q

Definition: triploblastic

A

having three germ layers (most animals have this)

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13
Q

Definition: diploblastic

A

having two germ layers (lacking a mesoderm) (jellyfish, corals or sea anemones)

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14
Q

Definition: ectoderm

A
  • greek = outside
  • the cells that remain on either the outside or dorsal surface of the embryo following gastrulation
  • the layer that forms the nervous system and the epidermis
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15
Q

Definition: mesoderm

A
  • greek = between
  • the middle of the three germ layers
  • gives rise to:
    1. muscles and skeleton,
    2. connective tissue
    3. the reproductive organs
    4. the kidney
    5. blood and most of cardiovascular tissue
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16
Q

Definition: endoderm

A
  • greek = within
  • the inner most germ layer
  • forms the:
    1. epithelial lining of the respiratory tracts
    2. the gastrointestinal tract
    3. accessory organs of digestive tract (eg. liver, pancreas)
17
Q

Definition: organogenesis

A

interactions between and rearrangement of cells of the three germ layers to produce tissue and organs

18
Q

Definition: germ cells

A

cells for reproductive function

19
Q

Definition: somatic cells

A
  • greek soma = body
  • cells that form the body
  • all cells that are not germ cells
20
Q

what is holoblastic cleavage?

A
  • greek holos = complete
  • a cell division (cleavage) pattern in the embryo in which the entire egg is divided into smaller cells
  • frogs and mammals
21
Q

what is mesoblastic cleavage?

A
  • greek meros = part
  • the cell division (cleavage) pattern in zygotes containing large amounts of yolk where only a portion of the cytoplasm is cleaved.
22
Q

what are the beliefs of epigenesis theory of embryology?

A

organs of the embryo were formed from scratch or de novo each generation

23
Q

what are the beliefs of preformation theory of embryology?

A

organisms were already present in miniature form
- the theory concept of homunculus formed from this theory
- fully-formed human, or “homunculus,” existed within either the sperm or the egg and would simply enlarge over time

24
Q

what is the recapitulation theory?

A

the idea that ontogeny (growth and development) occurs through a variety of stages that are representative of the evolutionary phylogeny of a particular species
- it “replicates” the evolutionary history of a species

25
Q

which von Baer law specifically argues against the recapitulation theory?

A

generalized features appear early in development

26
Q

what makes epithelial cells different than mesenchymal cells?

A

epithelial cells:
- firms sheets connected by junctional complexes
- sheets act as a barrier
- move in harmony
- have a clear polar character from one side to another
- basal lamina is a foundation contacts only one surface o the cell
mesenchymal cells:
- loosely organized and loosely attached cells
- can migrate as individual cells
- can all adhere in 3 dimensional clumps
- basal lamina may surround the cells

27
Q

Definition: morphogenesis

A

the organization of the cells of the body into functional structures via coordinated cellular processes such as:
- cell movement or migration
- cell growth
- cell death
- cell division
- cell shape changes
- changes in composition of cell membrane or secreted products

28
Q

What is a fate map?

A

a map of the developmental fate of a zygote or early embryo showing the adult organs that will develop from material at a given position on the zygote or early embryo

29
Q

How can fate maps be constructed using today’s technology?

A
  • direct observation
  • vital dyes
  • fluorescent dyes (better than vital) (allows small group of cells to be tagged)
30
Q

What is he difference between homologous and analogue structures?

A
  • homologous: similar because they are derived from a COMMON ANCESTRAL STRUCTURE
  • analogous: similar because they PERFORM SIMILAR FXNS but don’t necessarily share a common ancestor
31
Q

What is the difference between disruptions or malformations?

A
  • disruptions: abnormality underlying cause is NOT GENETIC but an exogenous agent (chemicals, irradiation, viruses, drugs, hyperthermia)
  • malformation: abnormality underlying cause is genetic (associated with gene mutation or aneuploidy)
32
Q

Definiton: teratogen

A

any agent that can disturb the proper development of an embryo or fetus

33
Q

What is the difference between teratogen and mutagen?

A
  • teratogens distrust the development of an embryo or fetus
  • mutagen are agents that cause mutations/ permanent change in an organisms DNA

biol 303 (3 decks)

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