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3Y2S - 6328 > LEC - Renal Diseases > Flashcards

LEC - Renal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major categories of renal diseases?

A

Glomerular, Tubular, Interstitial, and Vascular disorders

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2
Q

What is the most important diagnostic tool for renal diseases?

A

Urinalysis

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3
Q

What is the primary cause of glomerular disorders?

A

Immunologic processes such as antibody deposition.

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4
Q

Which type of glomerulonephritis is commonly seen in children after a Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection?

A

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN).

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5
Q

What urinalysis findings are typical in APSGN?

A

Hematuria, proteinuria, RBC casts, hyaline casts, granular casts, and dysmorphic RBCs.

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6
Q

Caused by Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies.

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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7
Q

Which condition presents with hemoptysis, dyspnea, and hematuria?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome.

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8
Q

What urinalysis findings are common in Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?

A

Hematuria, proteinuria, and RBC casts.

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9
Q

Which condition is characterized by a strong “mousy odor” in the urine?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU).

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10
Q

What enzyme defect leads to Alkaptonuria?

A

Homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency.

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11
Q

What is the hallmark urinalysis finding in Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

A

Broad waxy casts (renal failure casts)

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide?

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy.

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13
Q

What condition presents with macroscopic hematuria after an infection or strenuous exercise?

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy.

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14
Q

What are the key criteria for diagnosing Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Massive proteinuria, low plasma albumin, high serum lipids, and marked edema.

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15
Q

What type of casts are commonly seen in Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Fatty and waxy casts.

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16
Q

Which condition is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal Change Disease (MCD).

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17
Q

What is the characteristic urinalysis finding in Minimal Change Disease?

A

Heavy proteinuria, transient hematuria, and normal serum BUN and creatinine.

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18
Q

What condition is commonly associated with heroin abuse, HIV infection, and hepatitis?

A

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of Acute Tubular Necrosis?

A

Lack of oxygen or exposure to nephrotoxic agents.

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20
Q

Which inherited disorder results in generalized failure of reabsorption in the proximal tubules?

A

Fanconi Syndrome.

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21
Q

Defect in collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane.

A

Alport Syndrome

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22
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Alport Syndrome?

A

Macroscopic hematuria, hearing loss, and vision abnormalities.

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23
Q

What inherited disorder is characterized by an abnormal form of Tamm-Horsfall protein?

A

Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease.

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24
Q

Which condition presents with microalbuminuria as an early indicator?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy.

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25
What is the main defect in Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?
Tubules are unresponsive to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
26
Which condition results in glycosuria despite normal blood glucose levels?
Renal Glycosuria.
27
What is the primary cause of Acute Pyelonephritis?
Ascending bacterial infection, often due to vesicoureteral reflux
28
What unique urinalysis finding is present in Acute Pyelonephritis?
WBC casts.
29
What distinguishes Chronic Pyelonephritis from the acute form?
Broad and waxy casts indicating renal failure.
30
What condition is characterized by eosinophiluria and drug-induced allergic reactions?
Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN).
31
What stain is used to identify eosinophils in urine?
Hansel stain.
32
What is the primary metabolic purpose of fatty acid breakdown?
Energy production via beta-oxidation.
33
What are ketones a byproduct of?
Fat metabolism.
34
Which metabolic process converts glucose to pyruvate?
Glycolysis
35
Which metabolic pathway converts glycogen back to glucose?
Glycogenolysis
36
What metabolic disorder is characterized by the presence of phenylpyruvic acid in the urine?
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
37
What test is commonly used for PKU screening?
Guthrie Test.
38
What condition is known for its characteristic “mousy odor” in urine?
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
39
Which enzyme deficiency leads to Tyrosinemia Type 1?
Fumarylacetoacetate (FAH).
40
What urine test is used to detect tyrosine disorders?
Ferric chloride test (blue-green color).
41
Which metabolic disorder is associated with darkened urine after exposure to air?
Melanuria
42
What is the defective enzyme in Alkaptonuria?
Homogentisic acid oxidase.
43
Which condition is identified by “brown or black-stained diapers”?
Alkaptonuria
44
What amino acids are affected in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)?
Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine.
45
What distinctive odor is associated with Maple Syrup Urine Disease?
Maple syrup odor.
46
What test is used to detect MSUD?
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) test.
47
What enzyme deficiency is present in Isovaleric Acidemia?
Isovaleryl coenzyme A.
48
What odor is characteristic of Isovaleric Acidemia?
Sweaty feet odor.
49
Which condition results in deep blue/violet urine when tested with ferric chloride?
Indicanuria
50
What enzyme deficiency leads to Homocystinuria?
Defect in methionine metabolism enzymes.
51
What condition is characterized by defective production of Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)?
Lesch-Nyhan Disease.
52
What is a characteristic symptom of Lesch-Nyhan Disease in infants?
Orange sand in diapers (uric acid crystals).
53
Which metabolic disorder is associated with a “port wine” or red-colored urine after exposure to air?
Porphyrias
54
What three primary porphyrins are involved in porphyria disorders?
Uroporphyrin, Coproporphyrin, and Protoporphyrin.
55
What test detects porphyrins in urine?
Ehrlich reaction or UV fluorescence.
56
What condition results from a defect in the enzyme Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT)?
Galactosemia
57
What clinical manifestation is commonly seen in Galactosemia?
Cataracts, liver damage, and severe mental retardation.
58
Which condition results in increased urinary sugar despite normal blood glucose levels?
Melituria
59
What are the key diagnostic findings for G6PD deficiency?
Presence of Heinz bodies and oxidized hemoglobin (methemoglobin).
60
What triggers hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency?
Oxidative stress from drugs like primaquine or sulfa drugs.
61
Which urinalysis finding is a hallmark of Chronic Renal Failure?
Broad, waxy casts.
62
What type of crystals are most common in kidney stones (renal calculi)?
Calcium oxalate.
63
Which diagnostic method is commonly used to determine the composition of kidney stones?
X-ray crystallography or chemical analysis
64
What is the medical procedure used to break down kidney stones?
Lithotripsy
65
What condition is characterized by frequent urinary tract infections and can lead to Chronic Pyelonephritis?
Vesicoureteral reflux.
66
What urinalysis finding is key in diagnosing Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)?
Eosinophils (>1%) detected using Hansel stain.
67
What type of crystals are characteristic of Cystinuria?
Hexagonal cystine crystals.
68
Which metabolic condition is characterized by a “sweaty feet odor” in urine?
Isovaleric Acidemia.
69
Which enzyme defect leads to Propionic Acidemia?
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency.
70
What enzyme deficiency is associated with Methylmalonic Acidemia?
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency
71
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency
Early detection of congenital and heritable metabolic disorders.
72
What Philippine law ensures newborn screening for metabolic disorders?
RA 9288
73
What are the five primary metabolic disorders screened in the Philippines’ newborn screening program?
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH), Phenylketonuria (PKU), Galactosemia (GAL), and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (G6PD).
74
What metabolic disorder is associated with a strong ammonia odor in the urine?
Hyperammonemia
75
What condition presents with red, raised skin patches and possible blood in stools and sputum?
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura.
76
Which enzyme deficiency leads to Homocystinuria?
Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.
77
What clinical manifestation is common in Homocystinuria?
Lens dislocation, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability.
78
What is the diagnostic test for Homocystinuria?
Cyanide nitroprusside test (red-purple color).
79
Which condition is linked to an increased risk of thromboembolic events and mental retardation?
Homocystinuria
80
What clinical sign is seen in Hurler Syndrome?
Severe mental retardation and abnormal skeletal structure.
81
Which condition is also known as “blue diaper syndrome”?
Indicanuria
82
Which condition presents with crystal deposits in the cornea and bone marrow?
Cystinosis
83
2nd metabolic pathway of tryptophan is for the production of serotonin in the stimulation of smooth muscles
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid(5-HIAA)
84
What urinalysis finding is characteristic of Goodpasture Syndrome?
Hematuria, proteinuria, and RBC casts.
85
What diagnostic test detects antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)?
Indirect immunofluorescence.
86
Which ANCA pattern is seen in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)?
Cytoplasmic pattern (C-ANCA).
87
What is the urine pH range typically seen in Fanconi Syndrome?
Low urine pH.
88
Which condition is characterized by the presence of urinary fat droplets and oval fat bodies?
Nephrotic Syndrome.
89
What type of casts are typically seen in patients with Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Granular casts and Renal Tubular Epithelial (RTE) cells.
90
What condition results in the presence of RBC casts in urine?
Glomerulonephritis
91
What urine test detects melanuria?
Ferric chloride test (gray or black precipitate).
92
Which urinary test result indicates Alkaptonuria?
Black urine upon exposure to alkaline solutions.
93
What type of urine casts are specific to Pyelonephritis?
WBC casts.
94
What test detects cystine crystals in urine?
Cyanide nitroprusside test (red-purple color).
95
Which urine finding is strongly associated with nephrotic syndrome?
Oval fat bodies
96
What condition results in elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels?
GPA
97
What condition is indicated by the presence of maltese cross patterns in urine microscopy?
Lipiduria (seen in Nephrotic Syndrome).
98
What urine finding suggests early-stage diabetic nephropathy?
Microalbuminuria
99
What condition is characterized by urinary calcium oxalate crystals and kidney stones?
Renal Lithiasis.
100

3Y2S - 6328 (2 decks)

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