LEC MODULE 2 Flashcards
simplest, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle to simply remove cells from the area of abnormality. this is not always adequate to obtain a diagnosis, depending on the area to be biopsied
fine needle aspiration
takes out even more surrounding tissue. It takes out some of the
abnormality, but not all. The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove only a portion of it. If the lesion is found to be cancerous, further surgery may be needed to remove or excise the
entire lesion.
incisional biopsy
generally removes the entire area in question
excisional biopsy
removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the
surrounding tissue. This provides additional information to assist in the examination of the lesion.
core needle biopsy
considered the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin specimens
punch biopsy
It requires basic general surgical and suture-tying skills and is easy
to learn. The technique involves the use of a circular blade that is rotated down through the epidermis and dermis, and into the subcutaneous fat, yielding a 3- to 4- mm cylindrical core of tissue sample
Punch biopsy
where small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a surface (usually
skin).
shave biopsy
where tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from
body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal
curettings
Specimens are usually received in
fixative (preservative)
Tissue specimens received in the surgical pathology
laboratory should have a __________ that lists the patient information and clinical history along with a description of the site of origin
request form
The specimens are ___________ by giving them
a number that will identify each specimen for each patient.
accesioned
Once tissues are removed from the body, their proteins and cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes, independent of a bacterial action. This process is known as
autolysis
autolysis is retarded by _______ and accelerated at ___________
cold; room temperature
Autolysis is more severe in tissues that are rich in enzymes such as
liver, brain, and kidney
Autolysis is less rapid in
elastic and collagen tissues
Methods of tissue examination may vary according to the _______________ of the cells to be studied
structural and chemical components
a better and more effective means of studying tissues,
whether normal or abnormal, is by
examination of adequately preserved sections and
smears that are stained to demonstrate specific structures
these are usually examined when there is an immediate need for
evaluation.
fresh tissues
the use of fresh tissue examination is limited because
tissues examined in the fresh state are not permanent, and therefore, are liable to develop the changes that have usually been observed after death
advantage of fresh tissue examination
allows protoplasmic activities such as motion, mitosis, and phagocytosis to be observed
This can cause distortion of tissue due to ice crystal artifacts
slow freezing
commonly used methods for freezing include
- Liquid nitrogen
- Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
- Carbon dioxide gas
- Aerosol sprays
For histochemical evaluation involving enzyme studies, tissue needs to be
- chemically active
- the important chemical constituents should not have been removed, altered or displaced
histochemical evaluation requires rapid preservation of tissue block by
freezing or quenching
