LEC MODULE 2

Question 1

simplest, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle to simply remove cells from the area of abnormality. this is not always adequate to obtain a diagnosis, depending on the area to be biopsied

Answer 1

fine needle aspiration

Question 2

takes out even more surrounding tissue. It takes out some of the
abnormality, but not all. The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove only a portion of it. If the lesion is found to be cancerous, further surgery may be needed to remove or excise the
entire lesion.

Answer 2

incisional biopsy

Question 3

generally removes the entire area in question

Answer 3

excisional biopsy

Question 4

removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the

surrounding tissue. This provides additional information to assist in the examination of the lesion.

Answer 4

core needle biopsy

Question 5

considered the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin specimens

Answer 5

punch biopsy

Question 6

It requires basic general surgical and suture-tying skills and is easy
to learn. The technique involves the use of a circular blade that is rotated down through the epidermis and dermis, and into the subcutaneous fat, yielding a 3- to 4- mm cylindrical core of tissue sample

Answer 6

Punch biopsy

Question 7

where small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a surface (usually
skin).

Answer 7

shave biopsy

Question 8

where tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from
body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal

Answer 8

curettings

Question 9

Specimens are usually received in

Answer 9

fixative (preservative)

Question 10

Tissue specimens received in the surgical pathology
laboratory should have a __________ that lists the patient information and clinical history along with a description of the site of origin

Answer 10

request form

Question 11

The specimens are ___________ by giving them

a number that will identify each specimen for each patient.

Answer 11

accesioned

Question 12

Once tissues are removed from the body, their proteins and cells are digested and broken down by their own enzymes, independent of a bacterial action. This process is known as

Answer 12

autolysis

Question 13

autolysis is retarded by _______ and accelerated at ___________

Answer 13

cold; room temperature

Question 14

Autolysis is more severe in tissues that are rich in enzymes such as

Answer 14

liver, brain, and kidney

Question 15

Autolysis is less rapid in

Answer 15

elastic and collagen tissues

Question 16

Methods of tissue examination may vary according to the _______________ of the cells to be studied

Answer 16

structural and chemical components

Question 17

a better and more effective means of studying tissues,

whether normal or abnormal, is by

Answer 17

examination of adequately preserved sections and

smears that are stained to demonstrate specific structures

Question 18

these are usually examined when there is an immediate need for
evaluation.

Answer 18

fresh tissues

Question 19

the use of fresh tissue examination is limited because

Answer 19

tissues examined in the fresh state are not permanent, and therefore, are liable to develop the changes that have usually been observed after death

Question 20

advantage of fresh tissue examination

Answer 20

allows protoplasmic activities such as motion, mitosis, and phagocytosis to be observed

Question 21

This can cause distortion of tissue due to ice crystal artifacts

Answer 21

slow freezing

Question 22

commonly used methods for freezing include

Answer 22

• Liquid nitrogen
• Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
• Carbon dioxide gas
• Aerosol sprays

Question 23

For histochemical evaluation involving enzyme studies, tissue needs to be

Answer 23

• chemically active

- the important chemical constituents should not have been removed, altered or displaced

Question 24

histochemical evaluation requires rapid preservation of tissue block by

Answer 24

freezing or quenching

Question 25

aim of freezing or quenching

Answer 25

to produce instant cessation of cellular activity thereby preventing chemical alteration of tissue and displacement of cellular tissue components

Question 26

What are the methods to be used if chemical fixation of tissue blocks is to be avoided

Answer 26

• freeze-drying

- freeze substitution

Question 27

Solid structures and tissues must be preserved and carefully processed in the following order:

Answer 27

1. Fixation
2. Decalcification (optional)
3. Dehydration
4. Clearing
5. Infiltration (Impregnation)
6. Embedding
7. Trimming
8. Section-cutting (Microtomy)
9. Staining
10. Mounting
11. Labelling

Question 28

the art and science performed by the histotechnologist

Answer 28

histotechnology

Question 29

aim of histotechnology

Answer 29

to produce a tissue section of good quality that will enable the pathologist to diagnose the presence or absence of disease

Question 30

The first and most critical step in histotechnology

Answer 30

fixation or preservation of fresh tissues for examination

Question 31

the process that preserves tissues from decay, thereby preventing autolysis or putrefaction

Answer 31

fixation

Question 32

primary aim of fixation

Answer 32

to preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of

the cell in as life-like manner as possible

Question 33

fixation prevents

Answer 33

• degeneration
• decomposition
• putrefaction
• distortion of tissues

Question 34

secondary goal of fixation

Answer 34

to harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further handling

Question 35

this alternative method (when chemical fixation is to be avoided) is mainly used in histochemistry

Answer 35

freeze-drying

Question 36

this alternative method (when chemical fixation is to be avoided) is useful for studying soluble materials and small molecules

Answer 36

freeze-substitution

Question 37

in freeze-substitution tissues are

Answer 37

cut into thin section

Question 38

in freeze-substitution tissues are immersed in

Answer 38

liquid nitrogen

Question 39

in freeze-substitution water is removed in a vacuum chamber at

Answer 39

-40C

Question 40

Basic mechanisms of chemical fixative

Answer 40

• No additive Fixation

- Additive fixatives

Question 41

principle of no additive fixation

Answer 41

alter tissues composition and stabilizes the tissue by removing the bound water attached to h-bonds within the protein molecule

Question 42

fixatives used in no additive fixation

Answer 42

coagulant/ precipitating/ denaturing fixatives

Question 43

aldehydes are

Answer 43

additive fixatives

Question 44

additive fixatives are also known as

Answer 44

Cross-linking fixatives

Question 45

additive fixatives form

Answer 45

chemical bonds between molecules of the tissue

Question 46

the procedure whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from
tissues following fixation

Answer 46

decalcification

Question 47

Decalcification should be done after _________ and before _________

Answer 47

fixation; impregnation

Question 48

three main types of decalcifying agents

Answer 48

• based on strong mineral acids
• based on weaker organic acids
• composed of chelating agents.

Question 49

poorly fixed tissue become

Answer 49

-macerated during decalcification