LEC - LESSON 1 AND 2 Flashcards
refers to the phenomenon where people fail to notice or appreciate plants in their environment
PLANT BLINDNESS
It also refers to failing to recognize the role of plants on earth and believing that plants are somehow inferior to animals
PLANT BLINDNESS
Increased population leads to greater resource consumption, resulting in deforestation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and climate change.
● Environmental Deterioration
Higher demand for food can outpace agricultural production, leading to food scarcity and malnutrition, especially in vulnerable population.
● Hunger
Rapid population growth can strain economic resources, making it difficult for governments to provide adequate jobs, education, and social services, perpetuating cycles of poverty.
● Persistent poverty
○ Overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure can lead to the spread of diseases, limited access to healthcare, and increased pressure on healthcare systems, exacerbating public health challenges.
● Health issues
In many ______ developed countries, individual resource use is small. However, a rapidly increasing number of people tends to overwhelm and deplete these countries’ soils, forests, and other natural resources.
less developed and moderately
In countries, individual resource demands are large, far above the minimum requirements for survival. To satisfy their desires rather than their basic needs, people in more affluent countries exhaust natural resources and degrade the global environment through extravagant consumption and “throwaway” lifestyles.
highly developed
A _________ born in a highly developed country such as the ________ has a greater impact on the environment and on resource use than a dozen or more children born in a country such as _______.
single child; United States; Nigeria
all the different kinds of life you’ll find in one area—the variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Affected by several human disturbances
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Allows humans and other organisms to survive and thrive without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, essential for human and animal life.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
A.) Oxygen Production
They absorb carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate climate change.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
B.) Carbon Sequestration
Plants provide fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts, forming the basis of our diets.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
C.) Food Source
Many plants are sources of pharmaceuticals and traditional medicines.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
D.) Medicinal Benefits
Plants support ecosystems by providing habitat for countless species.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
They prevent soil erosion, enhance soil fertility, and contribute to the water cycle.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
F.) Soil Health
Plants influence local climates by regulating temperature and humidity.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
G.) Climate Regulation
Plants contribute to beauty, inspire art, and hold cultural significance in many societies
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
Green spaces and plants have been shown to improve mood and reduce stress.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
J.) Economic Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits
Plants are vital to agriculture, forestry, and industries like landscaping and pharmaceuticals.
A.) Oxygen Production
B.) Carbon Sequestration
C.) Food Source
D.) Medicinal Benefits
E.) Habitat and Biodiversity
F.) Soil Health
G.) Climate Regulation
H.) Aesthetic and Cultural Value
I.) Mental Health Benefits:
J.) Economic Value
J.) Economic Value
SCOPE OF BOTANY
1-6
● Effects of Global climate on plants
● Molecules that make up plant cells
● Producing enough food to support the ever-expanding world population
● Identification of future drugs to treat diseases such as cancer or AIDS.
● Plants that are in danger of extinction and keeping these organisms from disappearing forever from our planet
● The effect of human-produced pollution on plants
DISCIPLINES OF BOTANY
(enumerate the 12)
- Molecular Biology
- Plant Biochemistry
- Plant Cell Biology
- Plant Anatomy
5.Plant Morphology
6.Plant Physiology - Plant Genetics
- Plant Heredity and variation
- Plant Ecology
- Plant systematics
- Plant taxonomy
- Paleobotany
Study the structures and functions of important biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Molecular Biology
The study of the chemical interactions within plants, including the variety of chemicals that plants produce.
Plant Biochemistry
Encompasses the structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells.
Plant Cell Biology
Microscopic plant structure (cells and tissues)
Plant Anatomy
Refers to the structures of plant parts such as leaves, roots, and stems, including their evolution and development
Plant Morphology
Study different processes such as photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand how plants function.
Plant Physiology
Plant Heredity and variation.
Plant Genetics
The Study of the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their environment.
Plant Ecology
Encompasses the evolutionary relationships among different plant groups.
Plant systematics
A sub discipline of systematics, deals with the description, naming, and classification of plants.
Plant taxonomy
Is the study of the biology and the evolution of plants in the geologic past.
Paleobotany
OTHER SPECIALIZATIONS OF BOTANY
- 5
➔ Bryology - The study of mosses and similar plants
➔ Agronomy- field crops and soils
➔ Horticulture- Ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops
➔ Forestry - forest conservation and forest products such as lumber
➔ Economic Botany - Plants with commercial importance
the study of mosses and similar plants
➔ Bryology
➔ Agronomy
➔ Horticulture
➔ Forestry
➔ Economic Botany
➔ Bryology
field crops and soils
➔ Bryology
➔ Agronomy
➔ Horticulture
➔ Forestry
➔ Economic Botany
➔ Agronomy
Ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops
➔ Bryology
➔ Agronomy
➔ Horticulture
➔ Forestry
➔ Economic Botany
➔ Horticulture
forest conservation and forest products such as lumber
➔ Bryology
➔ Agronomy
➔ Horticulture
➔ Forestry
➔ Economic Botany
➔ Forestry
Plants with commercial importance
➔ Bryology
➔ Agronomy
➔ Horticulture
➔ Forestry
➔ Economic Botany
➔ Economic Botany
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS?
● Plants are highly organized
● Plants take in and use energy
● Plants respond to stimuli
● Plants grow and develop
● Plants reproduce
● Plant DNA transmits information from one generation to the next
● Plant populations undergo genetic changes over time
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, using it to grow and sustain their metabolic processes.
● Plants take in and use energy
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plants can react to environmental factors such as light, gravity, and touch, enabling them to adapt their growth and orientation for survival.
● Plants respond to stimuli
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plants undergo growth throughout their life cycle, increasing in size and complexity, from germination to maturity.
● Plants grow and develop
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plants can reproduce sexually (via seeds and flowers) or asexually (through methods like cloning), ensuring the continuation of their species.
● Plants reproduce
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plant DNA carries genetic information that is passed down from one generation to the next, guiding their development and traits.
● Plant DNA transmits information from one generation to the next
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plant populations can evolve through genetic variation and natural selection, leading to adaptations that enhance survival in changing environments.
● Plant populations undergo genetic changes over time
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS
Plants exhibit a complex structure, with specialized cells and tissues that perform various functions, such as photosynthesis, nutrient transport, and support.
● Plants are highly organized
Human Population will increase to ____
9.74 billion by the year 2050
EFFECTS OF A CONSTANTLY INCREASING POPULATION
-4
EFFECTS OF A CONSTANTLY INCREASING POPULATION
● Environmental Deterioration
● Hunger
● Persistent poverty
● Health issues
Lesson 2 is about?
Chemistry of Life
●It is inevitable that before we study the plant cellular function, we should first understand the structure and properties of the major types of biological molecules.
CHEMICAL BASIS OF PLANT LIFE
Remember that the _________ and __________ characteristics of cells as well as other cellular structures are derived directly from the activities of the molecules of which they are composed.
morphological and physiological
TRUE OR FALSE:
For us to understand the basis of plant life, we should be provided the necessary basic information about the chemistry of life.
CHEMICAL BASIS OF PLANT LIFE
TRUE
➔ Basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements
ATOMS
➔ The nucleus of every atom, except the hydrogen, consists of both positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
ATOMS
➔ The number of protons in an atom, which equals the number of electrons, resulting in no net charge
◆ Because it is the electrons that mean the chemical behavior of an atom, all the atoms of a given element have the same atomic number.
ATOMIC NUMBER
➔ Neutrons are uncharged subatomic particles of essentially the same mass as protons.
NEUTRONS
➔ They contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus.
NEUTRONS
➔ Because of neutrons, an element can exist in several physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms, which is called ______.
ISOTOPES
➔ Because of neutrons, an element can exist in several physically distinguishable but chemically identical forms, which is called ISOTOPES.
NEUTRONS
● The atoms that make up a molecule are joined by?
CHEMICAL BONDS
Atoms can attain a more stable arrangement of electrons in their ____________ by interacting with one another.
CHEMICAL BONDS
● Atoms can attain a more stable arrangement of electrons in their outermost shell by interacting with one another.
covalent bond
formed when electrons are shared between two atoms
covalent bond
strong bonds between the atoms that make up a molecule
covalent bond
● The formation of a __________ between two atoms is governed by the fundamental principle that an atom is most stable when its outermost electron shell is filled.
covalent bond
TRUE OR FALSE:
● The formation of a covalent bond between two atoms is governed by the fundamental principle that an atom is most stable when its outermost electron shell is not filled.
FALSE
ans: “filled”
TRUE OR FALSE:
the number of bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons needed to fill its outer shell
TRUE
○ In most cases, two atoms can be joined by bonds in which more than one pair of electrons are shared.
-2
■ DOUBLE BOND
● A bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
■ TRIPLE BOND
● A bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
formed when electrons transfer from one atom to the other.
Ionic Bond
Although individual noncovalent bonds are weak, large numbers of them acting together create additive attractive forces.
TRUE OR FALSE:
Ionic bonds does not play an important role in binding protein molecules to DNA molecules.
FALSE
Ans: it plays an important role
It is formed between positively charged nitrogen atoms in the protein and the negatively charged oxygen atoms in the DNA.
Ionic bonds
The DNA molecule itself consists of two separate strands held together by ?
Noncovalent hydrogen bonds
form between abundant electronegative atoms, such as oxygen and nitrogen, which bears a partial negative charge and abundant hydrogen atoms, which bears a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen bonds
TRUE OR FALSE:
a single noncovalent bond is relatively weak and easily broken, but large numbers of these bonds between two molecules make the overall complex quite stable
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Plant life, as well as other organisms, is totally dependent on water.
TRUE
it only contains one molecule of oxygen and two molecules of hydrogen, a water molecule has a unique structure that gives extraordinary properties.
WATER
a highly asymmetric molecule with an oxygen atom at one end and two hydrogen atoms at the opposite end.
WATER
the covalent bonds that form in the water molecule are highly polarized
WATER
each molecule joined transiently with hydrogen bond lattice.
WATER
PROPERTIES OF WATER IMPORTANT TO PLANT LIFE
-4
PROPERTIES OF WATER IMPORTANT TO PLANT LIFE
TEMPERATURE BUFFER
CAPILLARY ACTION
SOLVENT
TRUE OR FALSE:
Each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds when the partially positive charge hydrogen of one water molecule becomes aligned next to a partially negative charge oxygen of another molecule.
Hydrogen bonds would be formed.
Consequently, this extensive hydrogen bonding produces a highly interconnected network of water molecules.
TRUE
● Water acts as a temperature buffer because of its high specific heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and high latent heat of fusion.
TEMPERATURE BUFFER
__________ means that when water is heated, most of the thermal energy is consumed in disrupting hydrogen bonds rather than contributing to molecular motion. As water receives rapid temperature fluctuations that adds stability to the plant body.
high heat of vaporization
When we are talking of___________________, it means that water molecules would require so much energy to convert the water from its LIQUID state to its GASEOUS state by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold one molecule to another water molecule. That this high heat of vaporization would make the water resist evaporation and that would be the cause of the cooling effect on plants.
high heat of vaporization
○ On the other hand, when we are talking about the ______________, it is the reverse of heat of vaporization wherein a water molecule takes a lot of energy to convert it from solid to a liquid state. In the same manner, a lot of energy must be released from water to freeze, thus the water receives the plant body from freezing.
latent of fusion or high latent heat of fusion.
plants use capillary action to bring up water up to the roots and stems to the rest of the plant body
CAPILLARY ACTION
The molecules of the water are attached to the molecules of the inside of the stem and this attraction is used to help force the water up from the ground and dispense it throughout the plant body.
CAPILLARY ACTION
● This ________________ happened because of the property of water that is cohesive, adhesive property and high surface tension.
CAPILLARY ACTION
the ability of one water molecule to bind with another water molecule
- So the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules make liquid water self-sticky and the hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen from other water molecules.
cohesion
it refers to the attraction of water molecules to non-water hydrophilic substances.
-So this property of water gives it the ability to climb the walls of any container it is in.
Adhesion property
resulting from cohesive forces, allows it to form a continuous column in plant vessels, facilitating upward movement.
high surface tension
● The hydrogen bonds that are formed at the water molecules can be able to dissolve more different kinds of solutes than any other solvents.
SOLVENT
● A small volume of aqueous fluid present within a plant cell would contain a remarkably complex mixture of dissolved substances but water is more than just a solvent. It also determines the structure of biological molecules and the types of interaction in which they can engage.
SOLVENT
TRUE OR FALSE:
Moreover, it is chemically inert that water will react even if they are not enzymatically designed to react.
FALSE
Ans: Moreover, it is chemically inert that water will not react unless they are enzymatically designed to react.
TRUE OR FALSE:
water is also the medium to reach materials moved from one compartment of the cell to another.
TRUE
One of the important properties of water to the plants is their transparency to life.
TRANSPARENT TO LIGHT
●The chloroplasts inside the cytoplasm of the cell are surrounded by water and the light that penetrates in water can be absorbed by the thylakoids.
TRANSPARENT TO LIGHT
ROLE OF WATER IN PLANT
➢ Major components in plant cells
○ almost 70% of the plant cell is composed of water
➢ An excellent solvent for the uptake and transport of substances within the plant body.
➢ Good medium and react in many biochemical reactions
➢ Temperature stabilizations
➢ Provide structural support via turgor pressure
○ specifically, the one that you can find in the leaves of the plants
➢ Plays a vital role in cell elongation and growth
So molecules can be categorized based on how they respond to water molecules. It can either be ___________ or ____________ molecules
hydrophobic or hydrophilic
● sometimes called as hydrophobes
HYDROPHOBIC MOLECULES
When the hydrophobic molecules are added to water, they would form what we call _______ to have minimal contact with water.
micelle
➔ Micelles are clamped that form a cage where hydrogen bonds between the water molecules are broken down, thus formed by means of what you call an endothermic reaction that would cause the entropy of the system to decrease hydrocarbon groups.
● Interactions that occur between hydrophobic molecules are what we call ?
Van der Waals interactions
● Oils and fats are some of the _____________ molecules that are found in the body.
hydrophobic
