[LEC] History & Terms Flashcards
vaccination of cowpox against smallpox
edward jenner
father of immunology
louis pasteur
reported live attenuated vaccine against rabies
louis pasteur
chicken cholera
louis pasteur
anthrax vaccine
louis pasteur
antiserum therapy against diphtheria
emil von behring
tuberculosis
robert koch
theories of immunity (cellular & humoral)
paul ehrlich
phagocytosis
elie metchnikoff
anaphylaxis
charles richet
theories of immunity/complement
jules bordet
human blood groups
karl landsteiner
penicillin (3)
sir alexander fleming, sir ernst borischain, lord howard walter floray
development of polio vaccine
salk and sabin
yellow fever vaccine
max theiler
streptomycin as first antibiotic effective against RB
selman abrahan waksman
antihistamine research
daniel bovet
mechanism of biological synthesis of DNA and RNA (2)
severo ochoa and arthur kornberg
acquired immunological tolerance (2)
sir frank macfarlane burnet and sir peter brian medawar
genetic control of enzymes and viruses and synthesis (3)
francois jacob, andrei lwoff, jacques monod
tumor inducing viruses
payton rous
genetic code and its functions in protein synthesis (3)
robert holley, har gobind khorana, marshall nirenberg
replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses (3)
max delbruck, alfred hershey, salvador luria
chemical structure of immunoglobulins (2)
rodney porter, gerald edelman
interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of the cell (3)
david baltimore, renato dulbecco, howard martin ternin
first monoclonal antibody
kohler
radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones
rosalyn yallow
restriction enzymes/application to problems of molecular genetics (3)
werner arber, daniel nathans, hamilton smith
immunogenetics and histocompatibility (3)
baruj benacerraf, jean dausset, george snell
mobile genetic elements (transposons)
barbara mcclintock
hybridoma technology monoclonal antibodies (3)
cesar milstein, george kohler, niels jerne
immunoglobulin genetics ab diversity
susumo tonegawa
cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
J. Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus
specificity of cell mediated immune defence (dual recognition) (2)
peter doherty, rolf zinkernagel
organ & cell transplantation (2)
joseph murray & E. Donnell Thomas
prions as a new biological principle of infection
stanley prusiner
signal transduction
gunter blobel
agglutination
durham and gruber
immunoelectrophoresis
graber and williams
IgE
Isihazaka
interferons
Isaacs and Lindenmann
smallpox vaccine
edward jenner
precipitation
kraus
development of human papillomavirus vacccine
frazer
Arthus reaction in immediate hypersensitivivty
nicolas maurice arthus
one of the pioneers on bone marrow translation; Graft vs Host reaction
Dick van Bekkum
A life-threatening disease caused by a virus and characterized by breakdown of the body’s immune defenses.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
An almost total lack of immunoglobulins, or antibodies.
Agammaglobulinemia
Any substance that causes an allergy.
Allergen
An inappropriate and harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances.
Allergy
A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues, including the throat, difficulty in breathing, and a sudden fall in blood pressure.
Anaphylactic shock
A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B cells in response to an antigen, which is capable of binding to that specific antigen.
Antibody
Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system.
Antigen
B cells, cells of the monocyte lineage (including macrophages as well as dendritic cells), and various other body cells that “present” antigen in a form that T cells can recognize.
Antigen-presenting cells
An autoantibody directed against a substance in the cell’s nucleus.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Serum that contains antibodies.
Antiserum
Antibodies that interlock with and inactivate toxins produced by certain bacteria.
Antitoxins
Lymphoid organ in the intestine.
Appendix
Weakened; no longer infectious.
Attenuated
An antibody that reacts against a person’s own tissue.
Autoantibody
A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases.
Autoimmune disease
A white blood cell that contributes to inflammatory reactions. Along with mast cells, ____ are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.
Basophil
Small white blood cells crucial to the immune defenses. Also known as ____, they are derived from bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies.
B cells
Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bones. The ____ is the source of all blood cells.
Bone marrow
Physical structures in the cell’s nucleus that house the genes. Each human cell has 23 pairs of _____.
Chromosomes
A complex series of blood proteins whose action “____” the work of antibodies. It destroys bacteria, produces inflammation, and regulates immune reactions.
Complement
A precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn.
Complement cascade
That part of an antibody’s structure that is characteristic for each antibody class.
Constant region
The delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell. The second signal rescues the activated T cell from anergy, allowing it to produce the lymphokines necessary for the growth of additional T cells.
Co-Stimulation
Powerful chemical substances secreted by cells. ____ include lymphokines produced by lymphocytes and monokines produced by monocytes and macrophages.
Cytokines
A subset of T lymphocytes that can kill body cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer.
Cytotoxic T cells
White blood cells found in the spleen and other lymphoid organs. _____ typically use threadlike tentacles to enmesh antigen, which they present to T cells.
Dendritic cells
Nucleic acid that is found in the cell nucleus and that is the carrier of genetic information.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A protein, produced by living cells, that promotes the chemical processes of life without itself being altered.
Enzyme
A white blood cell that contains granules filled with chemicals damaging to parasites, and enzymes that damp down inflammatory reactions.
Eosinophil
A unique shape or marker carried on an antigen’s surface, which triggers a corresponding antibody response.
Epitope
A life-threatening reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent cells attack the tissues of the recipient.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
White blood cells filled with granules containing potent chemicals that allow the cells to digest microorganisms, or to produce inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of _____.
Granulocytes
A subset of T cells that typically carry the T4 marker and are essential for turning on antibody production, activating cytotoxic T cells, and initiating many other immune responses.
Helper T cells
The formation and development of blood cells, usually takes place in the bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
A method of matching the self antigens (HLA) on the tissues of a transplant donor with those of the recipient. The closer the match, the better the chance that the transplant will take.
Histocompatibility testing
The virus that causes AIDS.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Protein markers of self used in histocompatibility testing. Some HLA types also correlate with certain autoimmune diseases.
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
A hybrid cell created by fusing a B lymphocyte with a long-lived neoplastic plasma cell, or a T lymphocyte with a lymphoma cell. A B-cell ____ secretes a single specific antibody.
Hybridoma
Abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins.
Hypogammaglobulinemia
The unique and characteristic parts of an antibody’s variable region, which can themselves serve as antigens.
Idiotypes
A cluster of interlocking antigens and antibodies.
Immune complex
The reactions of the immune system to foreign substances.
Immune response
A test using antibodies to identify and quantify substances.
Immunoassay
Capable of developing an immune response.
Immunocompetent
A family of large protein molecules, also known as antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent transplant rejection.
Immunosuppression
A monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxic drug, or a radioactive substance.
Immunotoxin
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function produced in response to infection, as the result of increased blood flow and an influx of immune cells and secretions.
Inflammatory response
A major group of lymphokines and monokines.
Interleukins
Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph nodes.
Langerhans cells
All white blood cells.
Leukocytes
A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathes the body tissues, and drains into the lymphatic vessels.
Lymph
A bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, which transport lymph to the immune organs and into the bloodstream.
Lymphatic vessels
Small bean-shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. _____ are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells.
Lymph nodes
Small white blood cells produced in the lymphoid organs and paramount in the immune defenses.
Lymphocytes
The organs of the immune system, where lymphocytes develop and congregate. They include the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and various other clusters of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels can also be considered lymphoid organs.
Lymphoid organs
Powerful chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.
Lymphokines
A large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions.
Macrophage
A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response. ___ genes code for self markers on all body cells.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A granule-containing cell found in tissue. The contents of _____, along with those of basophils, are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.
Mast cell
Antibodies produced by a single cell or its identical progeny, specific for a given antigen. As a tool for binding to specific protein molecules, _______ are invaluable in research, medicine, and industry.
Monoclonal antibodies
A large phagocytic white blood cell which, when it enters tissue, develops into a macrophage.
Monocyte
Large granule-filled lymphocytes that take on tumor cells and infected body cells. They attack without first having to recognize specific antigens.
Natural killer (NK) cells
Powerful chemical substances secreted by monocytes and macrophages. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.
Monokines
Large white blood cells that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or other cells and foreign particles.
Phagocytes
Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells.
Plasma cells
Granule-containing cellular fragments critical for blood clotting and sealing off wounds. ____ also contribute to the immune response.
Platelets
Short for polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes.
Polymorphs
Organic compounds made up of amino acids. ____ are one of the major constituents of plant and animal cells.
Proteins
A group of one-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease (including malaria and sleeping sickness).
Protozoa
An autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid factor
The clear liquid that separates from the blood when it is allowed to clot. This fluid retains any antibodies that were present in the whole blood.
Serum
A nucleic acid that is found in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus of some cells. One function of ___ is to direct the synthesis of proteins.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
A life-threatening condition in which infants are born lacking all major immune defenses.
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
A lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity that is an important center for immune system activities.
Spleen
Cells from which all blood cells derive. The bone marrow is rich in _____.
Stem cells
A vaccine that uses merely one component of an infectious agent, rather than the whole, to stimulate an immune response.
Subunit vaccine
A class of antigens, including certain bacterial toxins, that unleash a massive and damaging immune response.
Superantigens
These immune cells are extracted from the tumor tissue, treated in the laboratory, and reinjected into the cancer patient.
TIL (Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes)
A subset of T cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses.
Supressor T cells
Small white blood cells that orchestrate and/or directly participate in the immune defenses. Also known as ____, they are processed in the thymus and secrete lymphokines.
T cells
A primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T lymphocytes proliferate and mature.
Thymus
A state of nonresponsiveness to a particular antigen or group of antigens.
Tolerance
See histocompatibility testing.
Tissue typing
Prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissues on either side of the throat.
Tonsils and adenoids
Agents produced by plants and bacteria, normally very damaging to mammalian cells, that can be delivered directly to target cells by linking them to monoclonal antibodies or lymphokines.
Toxins
A substance that contains antigenic components from an infectious organism. By stimulating an immune response (but not disease), it protects against subsequent infection by that organism.
Vaccine
That part of an antibody’s structure that differs from one antibody to another.
Variable region
