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ImmunoSero > [LEC] History & Terms > Flashcards

[LEC] History & Terms Flashcards

1
Q

vaccination of cowpox against smallpox

A

edward jenner

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2
Q

father of immunology

A

louis pasteur

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3
Q

reported live attenuated vaccine against rabies

A

louis pasteur

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4
Q

chicken cholera

A

louis pasteur

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5
Q

anthrax vaccine

A

louis pasteur

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6
Q

antiserum therapy against diphtheria

A

emil von behring

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7
Q

tuberculosis

A

robert koch

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8
Q

theories of immunity (cellular & humoral)

A

paul ehrlich

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9
Q

phagocytosis

A

elie metchnikoff

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10
Q

anaphylaxis

A

charles richet

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11
Q

theories of immunity/complement

A

jules bordet

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12
Q

human blood groups

A

karl landsteiner

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13
Q

penicillin (3)

A

sir alexander fleming, sir ernst borischain, lord howard walter floray

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14
Q

development of polio vaccine

A

salk and sabin

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15
Q

yellow fever vaccine

A

max theiler

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16
Q

streptomycin as first antibiotic effective against RB

A

selman abrahan waksman

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17
Q

antihistamine research

A

daniel bovet

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18
Q

mechanism of biological synthesis of DNA and RNA (2)

A

severo ochoa and arthur kornberg

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19
Q

acquired immunological tolerance (2)

A

sir frank macfarlane burnet and sir peter brian medawar

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20
Q

genetic control of enzymes and viruses and synthesis (3)

A

francois jacob, andrei lwoff, jacques monod

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21
Q

tumor inducing viruses

A

payton rous

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22
Q

genetic code and its functions in protein synthesis (3)

A

robert holley, har gobind khorana, marshall nirenberg

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23
Q

replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses (3)

A

max delbruck, alfred hershey, salvador luria

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24
Q

chemical structure of immunoglobulins (2)

A

rodney porter, gerald edelman

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25
Q

interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material of the cell (3)

A

david baltimore, renato dulbecco, howard martin ternin

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26
Q

first monoclonal antibody

A

kohler

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27
Q

radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones

A

rosalyn yallow

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28
Q

restriction enzymes/application to problems of molecular genetics (3)

A

werner arber, daniel nathans, hamilton smith

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29
Q

immunogenetics and histocompatibility (3)

A

baruj benacerraf, jean dausset, george snell

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30
Q

mobile genetic elements (transposons)

A

barbara mcclintock

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31
Q

hybridoma technology monoclonal antibodies (3)

A

cesar milstein, george kohler, niels jerne

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32
Q

immunoglobulin genetics ab diversity

A

susumo tonegawa

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33
Q

cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes

A

J. Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus

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34
Q

specificity of cell mediated immune defence (dual recognition) (2)

A

peter doherty, rolf zinkernagel

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35
Q

organ & cell transplantation (2)

A

joseph murray & E. Donnell Thomas

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36
Q

prions as a new biological principle of infection

A

stanley prusiner

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37
Q

signal transduction

A

gunter blobel

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38
Q

agglutination

A

durham and gruber

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39
Q

immunoelectrophoresis

A

graber and williams

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40
Q

IgE

A

Isihazaka

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41
Q

interferons

A

Isaacs and Lindenmann

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42
Q

smallpox vaccine

A

edward jenner

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43
Q

precipitation

A

kraus

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44
Q

development of human papillomavirus vacccine

A

frazer

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45
Q

Arthus reaction in immediate hypersensitivivty

A

nicolas maurice arthus

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46
Q

one of the pioneers on bone marrow translation; Graft vs Host reaction

A

Dick van Bekkum

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47
Q

A life-threatening disease caused by a virus and characterized by breakdown of the body’s immune defenses.

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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48
Q

An almost total lack of immunoglobulins, or antibodies.

A

Agammaglobulinemia

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49
Q

Any substance that causes an allergy.

A

Allergen

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50
Q

An inappropriate and harmful response of the immune system to normally harmless substances.

A

Allergy

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51
Q

A life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a swelling of body tissues, including the throat, difficulty in breathing, and a sudden fall in blood pressure.

A

Anaphylactic shock

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52
Q

A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B cells in response to an antigen, which is capable of binding to that specific antigen.

A

Antibody

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53
Q

Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system.

A

Antigen

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54
Q

B cells, cells of the monocyte lineage (including macrophages as well as dendritic cells), and various other body cells that “present” antigen in a form that T cells can recognize.

A

Antigen-presenting cells

55
Q

An autoantibody directed against a substance in the cell’s nucleus.

A

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

56
Q

Serum that contains antibodies.

A

Antiserum

57
Q

Antibodies that interlock with and inactivate toxins produced by certain bacteria.

A

Antitoxins

58
Q

Lymphoid organ in the intestine.

A

Appendix

59
Q

Weakened; no longer infectious.

A

Attenuated

60
Q

An antibody that reacts against a person’s own tissue.

A

Autoantibody

61
Q

A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune diseases.

A

Autoimmune disease

62
Q

A white blood cell that contributes to inflammatory reactions. Along with mast cells, ____ are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.

A

Basophil

63
Q

Small white blood cells crucial to the immune defenses. Also known as ____, they are derived from bone marrow and develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies.

A

B cells

64
Q

Soft tissue located in the cavities of the bones. The ____ is the source of all blood cells.

A

Bone marrow

65
Q

Physical structures in the cell’s nucleus that house the genes. Each human cell has 23 pairs of _____.

A

Chromosomes

66
Q

A complex series of blood proteins whose action “____” the work of antibodies. It destroys bacteria, produces inflammation, and regulates immune reactions.

A

Complement

67
Q

A precise sequence of events usually triggered by an antigen-antibody complex, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn.

A

Complement cascade

68
Q

That part of an antibody’s structure that is characteristic for each antibody class.

A

Constant region

69
Q

The delivery of a second signal from an antigen-presenting cell to a T cell. The second signal rescues the activated T cell from anergy, allowing it to produce the lymphokines necessary for the growth of additional T cells.

A

Co-Stimulation

70
Q

Powerful chemical substances secreted by cells. ____ include lymphokines produced by lymphocytes and monokines produced by monocytes and macrophages.

A

Cytokines

71
Q

A subset of T lymphocytes that can kill body cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

72
Q

White blood cells found in the spleen and other lymphoid organs. _____ typically use threadlike tentacles to enmesh antigen, which they present to T cells.

A

Dendritic cells

73
Q

Nucleic acid that is found in the cell nucleus and that is the carrier of genetic information.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

74
Q

A protein, produced by living cells, that promotes the chemical processes of life without itself being altered.

A

Enzyme

75
Q

A white blood cell that contains granules filled with chemicals damaging to parasites, and enzymes that damp down inflammatory reactions.

A

Eosinophil

76
Q

A unique shape or marker carried on an antigen’s surface, which triggers a corresponding antibody response.

A

Epitope

77
Q

A life-threatening reaction in which transplanted immunocompetent cells attack the tissues of the recipient.

A

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

78
Q

White blood cells filled with granules containing potent chemicals that allow the cells to digest microorganisms, or to produce inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are examples of _____.

A

Granulocytes

79
Q

A subset of T cells that typically carry the T4 marker and are essential for turning on antibody production, activating cytotoxic T cells, and initiating many other immune responses.

A

Helper T cells

80
Q

The formation and development of blood cells, usually takes place in the bone marrow.

A

Hematopoiesis

81
Q

A method of matching the self antigens (HLA) on the tissues of a transplant donor with those of the recipient. The closer the match, the better the chance that the transplant will take.

A

Histocompatibility testing

82
Q

The virus that causes AIDS.

A

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

83
Q

Protein markers of self used in histocompatibility testing. Some HLA types also correlate with certain autoimmune diseases.

A

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

84
Q

A hybrid cell created by fusing a B lymphocyte with a long-lived neoplastic plasma cell, or a T lymphocyte with a lymphoma cell. A B-cell ____ secretes a single specific antibody.

A

Hybridoma

85
Q

Abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins.

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia

86
Q

The unique and characteristic parts of an antibody’s variable region, which can themselves serve as antigens.

A

Idiotypes

87
Q

A cluster of interlocking antigens and antibodies.

A

Immune complex

88
Q

The reactions of the immune system to foreign substances.

A

Immune response

89
Q

A test using antibodies to identify and quantify substances.

A

Immunoassay

90
Q

Capable of developing an immune response.

A

Immunocompetent

91
Q

A family of large protein molecules, also known as antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins

92
Q

Reduction of the immune responses, for instance by giving drugs to prevent transplant rejection.

A

Immunosuppression

93
Q

A monoclonal antibody linked to a natural toxin, a toxic drug, or a radioactive substance.

A

Immunotoxin

94
Q

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function produced in response to infection, as the result of increased blood flow and an influx of immune cells and secretions.

A

Inflammatory response

95
Q

A major group of lymphokines and monokines.

A

Interleukins

96
Q

Dendritic cells in the skin that pick up antigen and transport it to lymph nodes.

A

Langerhans cells

97
Q

All white blood cells.

A

Leukocytes

98
Q

A transparent, slightly yellow fluid that carries lymphocytes, bathes the body tissues, and drains into the lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph

99
Q

A bodywide network of channels, similar to the blood vessels, which transport lymph to the immune organs and into the bloodstream.

A

Lymphatic vessels

100
Q

Small bean-shaped organs of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. _____ are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells.

A

Lymph nodes

101
Q

Small white blood cells produced in the lymphoid organs and paramount in the immune defenses.

A

Lymphocytes

102
Q

The organs of the immune system, where lymphocytes develop and congregate. They include the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and various other clusters of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels and lymphatic vessels can also be considered lymphoid organs.

A

Lymphoid organs

103
Q

Powerful chemical substances secreted by lymphocytes. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.

A

Lymphokines

104
Q

A large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe-devouring phagocyte, an antigen-presenting cell, and an important source of immune secretions.

A

Macrophage

105
Q

A group of genes that controls several aspects of the immune response. ___ genes code for self markers on all body cells.

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

106
Q

A granule-containing cell found in tissue. The contents of _____, along with those of basophils, are responsible for the symptoms of allergy.

A

Mast cell

107
Q

Antibodies produced by a single cell or its identical progeny, specific for a given antigen. As a tool for binding to specific protein molecules, _______ are invaluable in research, medicine, and industry.

A

Monoclonal antibodies

108
Q

A large phagocytic white blood cell which, when it enters tissue, develops into a macrophage.

A

Monocyte

109
Q

Large granule-filled lymphocytes that take on tumor cells and infected body cells. They attack without first having to recognize specific antigens.

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

110
Q

Powerful chemical substances secreted by monocytes and macrophages. These soluble molecules help direct and regulate the immune responses.

A

Monokines

111
Q

Large white blood cells that contribute to the immune defenses by ingesting microbes or other cells and foreign particles.

A

Phagocytes

112
Q

Large antibody-producing cells that develop from B cells.

A

Plasma cells

112
Q

Granule-containing cellular fragments critical for blood clotting and sealing off wounds. ____ also contribute to the immune response.

A

Platelets

112
Q

Short for polymorphonuclear leukocytes or granulocytes.

A

Polymorphs

113
Q

Organic compounds made up of amino acids. ____ are one of the major constituents of plant and animal cells.

A

Proteins

113
Q

A group of one-celled animals, a few of which cause human disease (including malaria and sleeping sickness).

A

Protozoa

114
Q

An autoantibody found in the serum of most persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

A

Rheumatoid factor

115
Q

The clear liquid that separates from the blood when it is allowed to clot. This fluid retains any antibodies that were present in the whole blood.

A

Serum

115
Q

A nucleic acid that is found in the cytoplasm and also in the nucleus of some cells. One function of ___ is to direct the synthesis of proteins.

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

115
Q

A life-threatening condition in which infants are born lacking all major immune defenses.

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

115
Q

A lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity that is an important center for immune system activities.

A

Spleen

116
Q

Cells from which all blood cells derive. The bone marrow is rich in _____.

A

Stem cells

116
Q

A vaccine that uses merely one component of an infectious agent, rather than the whole, to stimulate an immune response.

A

Subunit vaccine

117
Q

A class of antigens, including certain bacterial toxins, that unleash a massive and damaging immune response.

A

Superantigens

118
Q

These immune cells are extracted from the tumor tissue, treated in the laboratory, and reinjected into the cancer patient.

A

TIL (Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes)

118
Q

A subset of T cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses.

A

Supressor T cells

119
Q

Small white blood cells that orchestrate and/or directly participate in the immune defenses. Also known as ____, they are processed in the thymus and secrete lymphokines.

A

T cells

120
Q

A primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T lymphocytes proliferate and mature.

A

Thymus

121
Q

A state of nonresponsiveness to a particular antigen or group of antigens.

A

Tolerance

122
Q

See histocompatibility testing.

A

Tissue typing

122
Q

Prominent oval masses of lymphoid tissues on either side of the throat.

A

Tonsils and adenoids

123
Q

Agents produced by plants and bacteria, normally very damaging to mammalian cells, that can be delivered directly to target cells by linking them to monoclonal antibodies or lymphokines.

A

Toxins

124
Q

A substance that contains antigenic components from an infectious organism. By stimulating an immune response (but not disease), it protects against subsequent infection by that organism.

A

Vaccine

125
Q

That part of an antibody’s structure that differs from one antibody to another.

A

Variable region

ImmunoSero (1 decks)

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