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[2nd Sem] PMLS 2 Lab/Lec > [Lec] Circulatory System > Flashcards

[Lec] Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Carries oxygen and food to the cells of the body and carries CO2 and other wastes away from the cells to the excretory organs, kidneys, lungs, and skin. Aids in coagulation (clotting) process, and assists in defending the body against disease

A

Circulatory System

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2
Q

Major structure of the Circulatory system. Pump that circulates blood throughout the body. Has 4 chambers, is hollow, and slightly larger than a man’s closed fist. Walls have 3 distinct layers

A

Heart

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3
Q

What is the thin fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

Outer layer of the heart. Thin serous (watery) membrane that is continuous with the lining of the pericardium. Covers the heart and attaches to the pericardium

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

Middle layer of the heart. Thick layer of cardiac muscle. Contracts to pump blood in the arteries

A

Myocardium

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6
Q

Inner layer of the heart. Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels. Lines the interior chambers and valves

A

Endocardium

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7
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via both the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle. Upper right chamber

A

Right atrium

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8
Q

Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it in the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs to be oxygenated

A

Right ventricle

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9
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins and pumps it in the left ventricle

A

Left atrium

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10
Q

Receives blood from left atrium and pumps it to the aorta; the walls are nearly 3 times as thick as those of the right ventricle owing to the force required to pump the blood in the arterial system

A

Left ventricle

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11
Q

AKA angina pectoris. Med term for chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Caused by narrowing, obstruction, or spasm of coronary arteries

A

Angina

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12
Q

Partial obstruction a coronary artery or one of its branches can reduce blood flow. Complete obstruction or prolonged ischemia leads to MI due to necrosis or death of the surrounding tissue from lack of oxygen

A

Myocardial infarction/heart attack

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13
Q

Not adequate to meet the oxygen needs of the heart muscle

A

Myocardial ischemia

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14
Q

Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity during cardiac cycle. Produced by a machine called electrograph, which records the electrical currents corresponding to each event in heart muscle contraction

A

Electrocardiogram

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15
Q

Palpable rhythmic throbbing caused by the alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as a wave of blood passes through it. In normal individuals, pulse rate it is same as heart rate

A

Pulse

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16
Q

Force (pressure) or tension exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels. Commonly measured in a large artery using sphygmomanometer aka blood pressure cuff

A

Blood pressure

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17
Q

Arterial pressure during contraction of ventricles

A

Systolic pressure

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18
Q

Arterial pressure during relaxation of muscles

A

Diastolic pressure

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19
Q

System of blood vessels

A

Vascular system

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20
Q

Two divisions of Vascular system

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation

sometimes referred to as pulmonary and systemic circuits

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21
Q

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Have thick walls because blood that moves through them is under pressure from the contraction of the ventricles. This pressure creates a pulse that can be felt

A

Arteries

22
Q

Blood vessels that return blood to the heart. Blood is oxygen poor and much darker and more bluish

A

Veins

23
Q

Microscopic, one-cell-thick vessels that connect arterioles and venules. Comes from Latin capillaris meaning “hair-like”. So tiny that RBCs can only travel through them in a single file

A

Capillaries

24
Q

Means “in front of the elbow”

A

Antecubital Fossa

25
Q

Located near the center of the antecubital area. Preferred and first choice vein for venipuncture. Typically larger, closer to the surface, better anchored, and more stationary

A

Median cubital vein

26
Q

Located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area. 2nd choice for venipuncture. Often the only vein that can be palpated in obese patients

A

Cephalic vein

27
Q

Large vein located on the medial aspect (Inner side) of the antecubital area. Last choice for venipuncture. Generally easy to palpate but is not as well anchored and rolls more easily

A

Basilic vein

28
Q

“the river of life”. Deliver nutrients, oxygen, and other substances to the cells and transporting waste products away from the cells for elimination

A

Blood

29
Q

Blood composition

A
  • Mix of fluid and cells
  • pH of 7.4
  • 55% plasma; 45% formed elements
30
Q

Fluid portion of blood

A

Plasma

31
Q

Cellular portion of blood

A

Formed elements

32
Q

Adult weighing 70kg (154 lb) has blood volume of

A

5L

33
Q

Formed elements (3)

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Thrombocytes
34
Q

Formed elements that are anuclear, biconcave (indented from both sides). Mature RBCs have a lifespan of 120 days

A

Erythrocytes/RBCs

35
Q

RBC formation is called

A

Erythropoiesis

36
Q

Immature RBCs are called

A

Reticulocytes

37
Q

Formed elements that contain nuclei. Have extravascular function because they can leave the bloodstream and do their job in the tissues. Neutralizes and destroys pathogens

A

Leukocytes/WBCs

38
Q

(Granulocytes) Most numerous type of WBC. Segmented or multilobed nucleus. Fine-textured lavender staining granules

A

Neutrophils

39
Q
  • Relative % of Neutrophils in adult
  • Function
  • Lifespan
A
  • 54-62%
  • Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis
  • 6 hours to few days
40
Q

Granulocytes (segmented nucleus) (3)
NEB

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
41
Q

(Granulocytes) Bead-like granules that stain bright orange-pink. 2 lobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

42
Q
  • Relative % of Eosinophils in adult
  • Function
  • Lifespan
A
  • up to 3%
  • ingest and detoxify protein. Help turn off immune reactions. Increase with allergies and parasite (eg pinworm) infestations
  • 8-12 days
43
Q

(Granulocytes) Least numerous type of WBC. Large dark blue-black-staining granules that often obscure a typically S-shaped nucleus

A

Basophils

44
Q
  • Relative % of Basophils in adult
  • Function
  • Lifespan
A
  • Less than 1%
  • Release histamine and heparin, which enhance inflammatory response
  • thought to live several days
45
Q

Agranulocytes (2)
LM

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
46
Q

(Agranulocytes) 2nd most numerous type of WBC. Typically has a large, round, dark-purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell and is surrounded by a thin rim of pale-blue cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

47
Q
  • Relative % of Lymphocytes in adult
  • Function
  • Lifespan
A
  • 25-38%
  • Directly attack infected cells. B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies) that are released into the bloodstream to circulate and attack foreign cells
  • varies from a few hours to a no. of years
48
Q

(Agranulocytes) Largest WBC. Fine, gray-blue cytoplasm and a large, dark-staining nucleus

A

Monocytes

49
Q
  • Relative % of Monocytes in adult
  • Function
  • Lifespan
A
  • 3-7%
  • Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis (like neutrophils). 1st line of defense in the inflammatory process
  • Several months
50
Q

Formed elements that are known as platelets. Smallest of formed elements. Essential to coagulation (blood-clotting)

A

Thrombocytes

51
Q

Blood Specimens (3)
SPW

A
  1. Serum
  2. Plasma
  3. Whole blood samples
52
Q

(Blood specimens) Clotted blood specimen. The remaining fluid portion and can be separated from the clot by centrifugation. A clear, pale-yellow fluid

A

Serum

[2nd Sem] PMLS 2 Lab/Lec (3 decks)

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