Lec 6

Question 1

Endocanabinoids

Answer 1

Potent stimulators of food intake

Part of the orexic hypothalamic

Question 2

Orexic Non Hypothalamic

Answer 2

Ghrelin is secreted mostly by the cells in the stomach epithilium and stimulate feeding.

• galanin

Question 3

AgRP( agouti related protein)

Answer 3

Hyperphagia

Orexic hypothalamic

Question 4

POMC

Answer 4

Neurons in the brain associated with anorexia and have receptor for leptin

Question 5

CART

Answer 5

Co-express cocaine-anphetamine. Appetite auppresion

Question 6

Neurotension neurons

Answer 6

Stimulate neurons that release CRH

Question 7

Leptin

Answer 7

Produced in the brain and adipose tissue. Increase metabolic rate

Question 8

Adiponectin

Answer 8

A protein hormone that works im addition to leptin.

Question 9

Gastrin

Answer 9

Stimulate gastric acid secretion and proliferation of gastric epithelium.

• presence of peptide and amino acid in gastric lumen.

Question 10

Hypergastrinema

Answer 10

Excessive release of gastric

Question 11

Enterochromaffin like cells

Answer 11

Produce histamine

• histamine + gastrin = regulators of acid secretion from PARIETAL CELL

Question 12

CCK

Answer 12

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and contraction and emptying of the gal bladder

• presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine
• found in duodenum
• PZ is a very similar hormone

Question 13

Secretin

Answer 13

Stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release bicarbonate base

• the duodenum needs to be acidified first

Question 14

GIP ( Gastric inhibitory peptide)

Answer 14

Similar to secretin and inhibits gastric function

• produces from the K cells of the duodenal mucosa.

Question 15

Ghrelin

Answer 15

Appears to be a strong stimulant for appetite and feeding

• also a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion.
• found in the epithelial cells of the stomach
• placenta, kidney
• g cells of stomach

Question 16

Motilin

Answer 16

Apparently involved in stimulating housekeeping patterns of motility in the stomach and small intestine and duodenum.

• 2 hour cycle
• after meal
• cleaning tubes
• stimulated by alkalinity in duodenum

Question 17

Exocrine pancrease

Answer 17

Produce: salt & enzymes—> duodenum

1) bicarbonate : neutralize gastric acid
2) amylase: starch—> small carbs
3) lipase

Question 18

Endocrine pancrease

Answer 18

Release hormones that go into the bloodstream.

Many islets cells (Islets of langethans)

   1) a-islets: release a hormone called glucagon.(Main function):glycogen --> glucose 2) b-islets: releases and house insulin( diabetes) too much glucose.   

   Type 1 And type 2 diabetes 

3) D-islets : produces somatostatin
3) F- islets: produces pancreatic polypeptide

Question 19

Insulin

Answer 19

Insulin mRNA –> preproinsulin–> transported into the endoplasmic reticulum –> proinsulin—> transported to the Golgi apparatus —> insulin—> B cells in the pancreas

Epinephrin in adrenal inhibit insulin secretion

• cell growth
• beta cell survival and develpment
• stored in hexamer
• facilitates entry on glucose to the cell
• promotes synthesis of fatty acid in the liver
• synthesis on glycogen
• inhibit breakdown of far from adipose tissue
• receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane

Question 20

Hypoglycemia

Answer 20

Insulin excess, brain death

Question 21

Glucose

Answer 21

Transported inside the b cells by facilitated diffusion

Question 22

Intracellular calcium

Answer 22

Increase in this triggers for exocytosis of insulin

Question 23

Increase levels of glucose

Answer 23

Activate calcium independent pathway for insulin secretion.

Question 24

Cellular glucose event

Answer 24

1) Glucose is transported into the cell by glucose transporter GLUT4
2) phosphorylated by glucokinase
3) glucose generates signals that inhibit ATP sensitive K channels –> membrane depolarization.
4) activates ca+ channels and increase intracellular ca+ levels
5) triggers the fusion of insulin vesicles
6) glucose goes in the cell.

Question 25

Incretins

Answer 25

GIP and GLP-1 are two major hormones secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic b cells

Question 26

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

Insulin resistance and diminished insulin secretion

Question 27

Ketone bodies

Answer 27

Problems during starvation - low glucose body uses muscle tissue to provide the amino acid precursors ( gluconeogenesis) - the it uses ketone bodies

Question 28

Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system ( RAS)

Answer 28

Liver-->(releases angiotensinogen) ---> this gets converted into angiotension 1 ( by the action of renin - enzyme released by the kidney due to low fluid volume. --> gets converted to angiotension 2 ( this happens by an enzyme called ACE ( lives in the lung) ---> angiotension 2 acts on the adrenal gland---> causes it to release aldosterone---> act on the collecting duct of the kidney which causes the nephrone to retain water ---> increase blood pressure.

Question 29

Aldosterone

Answer 29

Conserve sodium and this water and to excrete potassium. Adrenal cortex

Question 30

Glucocoticoids

Answer 30

Anti inflammatory effect - from cholesterol - stored in adrenals Cortisol---> binds to glucocorticoids receptor in the cytoplasma-->

Question 31

Galanin

Answer 31

Level rise before meals and have roles in weight gain in teen

Question 32

Function of GI hormones

Answer 32

Release enzyme to break down good

Question 33

Histamine and gastrin

Answer 33

They cause secretion from parietal cells

Question 34

Calcitonin function

Answer 34

- Calcium release in bones - calcium reabsorption from kidney - inhibit food intake - vitamin D metabolism

Question 35

PTH

Answer 35

Raises calcium and reduces phosphate - target kidney , gut, bone - chief cells

Question 36

Orexic hypothalic Hormone

Answer 36

Stimulate appetite increasing gastric secretion, metabolic rate and behaviors. Neuropeptide- orexic agent

Question 37

Target tissue of glucagon

Answer 37

Liver and adipose

Question 38

Location of glucagon and insuline receptor

Answer 38

Plasma membrane

Question 39

What controls aldosterone secretion

Answer 39

Renin angiotensin system - kidney - liver - lung

Question 40

When is aldosterone secreted

Answer 40

Low NaCl - low BV - low BP - high K+

Question 41

Whenis ADH released

Answer 41

Excess salt or dehydration

Question 42

Where is renin produced

Answer 42

Juxtaglamerular body | - blood pressure and sodium concentration

Question 43

Function of angiotensin 1

Answer 43

Release norepinephrine from medulla

Question 44

ACE2 location

Answer 44

In kidney, heart

Question 45

Other name for pineal gland

Answer 45

Epiphysis

Question 46

What hormone does pineal glad produce

Answer 46

Melatonin and serotonin

Question 47

Function of pineal gland

Answer 47

Aging | - immune system

Question 48

Flurise accumulation

Answer 48

Early onset of puberty

Question 49

Melatonin

Answer 49

Immune function Metabolism Circadian rythms

Question 50

Melatonin in frogs

Answer 50

Skin lightening

Question 51

Prototheria

Answer 51

Mammary glands and lay eggs ( monitremes)

Question 52

Metatheria

Answer 52

Mammary glands and have pouches ( marsupials)

Question 53

Eutheria

Answer 53

Mammary gland and placenta ( placentals)

Question 54

How do mammals produce gonadotropin

Answer 54

In cyles -mesntral cycle Estrous cycle

Question 55

Menstrual cycle

Answer 55

Menses---> shedding of the uterus lining ( endometrial)

Question 56

LH

Answer 56

Ovulation and formation of corpus luthia h

Question 57

FSH

Answer 57

Gametogenesis | - follicules in a women

Question 58

hCG

Answer 58

Hormone produced by embryo soon after cenception and later produced by placenta - prevents disitegration of corpus l. - maintains progesteron production