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Biology DAT > Lec 6 > Flashcards

Lec 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocanabinoids

A

Potent stimulators of food intake

Part of the orexic hypothalamic

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2
Q

Orexic Non Hypothalamic

A

Ghrelin is secreted mostly by the cells in the stomach epithilium and stimulate feeding.

  • galanin
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3
Q

AgRP( agouti related protein)

A

Hyperphagia

Orexic hypothalamic

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4
Q

POMC

A

Neurons in the brain associated with anorexia and have receptor for leptin

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5
Q

CART

A

Co-express cocaine-anphetamine. Appetite auppresion

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6
Q

Neurotension neurons

A

Stimulate neurons that release CRH

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7
Q

Leptin

A

Produced in the brain and adipose tissue. Increase metabolic rate

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8
Q

Adiponectin

A

A protein hormone that works im addition to leptin.

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9
Q

Gastrin

A

Stimulate gastric acid secretion and proliferation of gastric epithelium.

  • presence of peptide and amino acid in gastric lumen.
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10
Q

Hypergastrinema

A

Excessive release of gastric

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11
Q

Enterochromaffin like cells

A

Produce histamine

  • histamine + gastrin = regulators of acid secretion from PARIETAL CELL
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12
Q

CCK

A

Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and contraction and emptying of the gal bladder

  • presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine
  • found in duodenum
  • PZ is a very similar hormone
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13
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates the pancreas and bile ducts to release bicarbonate base

  • the duodenum needs to be acidified first
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14
Q

GIP ( Gastric inhibitory peptide)

A

Similar to secretin and inhibits gastric function

  • produces from the K cells of the duodenal mucosa.
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15
Q

Ghrelin

A

Appears to be a strong stimulant for appetite and feeding

  • also a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion.
  • found in the epithelial cells of the stomach
  • placenta, kidney
  • g cells of stomach
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16
Q

Motilin

A

Apparently involved in stimulating housekeeping patterns of motility in the stomach and small intestine and duodenum.

  • 2 hour cycle
  • after meal
  • cleaning tubes
  • stimulated by alkalinity in duodenum
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17
Q

Exocrine pancrease

A

Produce: salt & enzymes—> duodenum

1) bicarbonate : neutralize gastric acid
2) amylase: starch—> small carbs
3) lipase

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18
Q

Endocrine pancrease

A

Release hormones that go into the bloodstream.

Many islets cells (Islets of langethans)

   1) a-islets: release a hormone called glucagon.(Main function):glycogen --> glucose 2) b-islets: releases and house insulin( diabetes) too much glucose.   

   Type 1 And type 2 diabetes

3) D-islets : produces somatostatin
3) F- islets: produces pancreatic polypeptide

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19
Q

Insulin

A

Insulin mRNA –> preproinsulin–> transported into the endoplasmic reticulum –> proinsulin—> transported to the Golgi apparatus —> insulin—> B cells in the pancreas

Epinephrin in adrenal inhibit insulin secretion

  • cell growth
  • beta cell survival and develpment
  • stored in hexamer
  • facilitates entry on glucose to the cell
  • promotes synthesis of fatty acid in the liver
  • synthesis on glycogen
  • inhibit breakdown of far from adipose tissue
  • receptors are embedded in the plasma membrane
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20
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Insulin excess, brain death

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21
Q

Glucose

A

Transported inside the b cells by facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Intracellular calcium

A

Increase in this triggers for exocytosis of insulin

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23
Q

Increase levels of glucose

A

Activate calcium independent pathway for insulin secretion.

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24
Q

Cellular glucose event

A

1) Glucose is transported into the cell by glucose transporter GLUT4
2) phosphorylated by glucokinase
3) glucose generates signals that inhibit ATP sensitive K channels –> membrane depolarization.
4) activates ca+ channels and increase intracellular ca+ levels
5) triggers the fusion of insulin vesicles
6) glucose goes in the cell.

25
Q

Incretins

A

GIP and GLP-1 are two major hormones secreted from the intestine upon ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic b cells

26
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistance and diminished insulin secretion

27
Q

Ketone bodies

A

Problems during starvation

  • low glucose body uses muscle tissue to provide the amino acid precursors ( gluconeogenesis)
  • the it uses ketone bodies
28
Q

Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system ( RAS)

A

Liver–>(releases angiotensinogen) —> this gets converted into angiotension 1 ( by the action of renin - enzyme released by the kidney due to low fluid volume. –> gets converted to angiotension 2 ( this happens by an enzyme called ACE ( lives in the lung) —> angiotension 2 acts on the adrenal gland—> causes it to release aldosterone—> act on the collecting duct of the kidney which causes the nephrone to retain water —> increase blood pressure.

29
Q

Aldosterone

A

Conserve sodium and this water and to excrete potassium.

Adrenal cortex

30
Q

Glucocoticoids

A

Anti inflammatory effect

  • from cholesterol
  • stored in adrenals
    Cortisol—> binds to glucocorticoids receptor in the cytoplasma–>
31
Q

Galanin

A

Level rise before meals and have roles in weight gain in teen

32
Q

Function of GI hormones

A

Release enzyme to break down good

33
Q

Histamine and gastrin

A

They cause secretion from parietal cells

34
Q

Calcitonin function

A
  • Calcium release in bones
  • calcium reabsorption from kidney
  • inhibit food intake
  • vitamin D metabolism
35
Q

PTH

A

Raises calcium and reduces phosphate

  • target kidney , gut, bone
  • chief cells
36
Q

Orexic hypothalic Hormone

A

Stimulate appetite increasing gastric secretion, metabolic rate and behaviors.

Neuropeptide- orexic agent

37
Q

Target tissue of glucagon

A

Liver and adipose

38
Q

Location of glucagon and insuline receptor

A

Plasma membrane

39
Q

What controls aldosterone secretion

A

Renin angiotensin system

  • kidney
  • liver
  • lung
40
Q

When is aldosterone secreted

A

Low NaCl

  • low BV
  • low BP
  • high K+
41
Q

Whenis ADH released

A

Excess salt or dehydration

42
Q

Where is renin produced

A

Juxtaglamerular body

- blood pressure and sodium concentration

43
Q

Function of angiotensin 1

A

Release norepinephrine from medulla

44
Q

ACE2 location

A

In kidney, heart

45
Q

Other name for pineal gland

A

Epiphysis

46
Q

What hormone does pineal glad produce

A

Melatonin and serotonin

47
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

Aging

- immune system

48
Q

Flurise accumulation

A

Early onset of puberty

49
Q

Melatonin

A

Immune function
Metabolism
Circadian rythms

50
Q

Melatonin in frogs

A

Skin lightening

51
Q

Prototheria

A

Mammary glands and lay eggs ( monitremes)

52
Q

Metatheria

A

Mammary glands and have pouches ( marsupials)

53
Q

Eutheria

A

Mammary gland and placenta ( placentals)

54
Q

How do mammals produce gonadotropin

A

In cyles
-mesntral cycle
Estrous cycle

55
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Menses—> shedding of the uterus lining ( endometrial)

56
Q

LH

A

Ovulation and formation of corpus luthia h

57
Q

FSH

A

Gametogenesis

- follicules in a women

58
Q

hCG

A

Hormone produced by embryo soon after cenception and later produced by placenta

  • prevents disitegration of corpus l.
  • maintains progesteron production

Biology DAT (1 decks)

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