Lec 5 Flashcards
What are the skin effects of toxins?
Red skin, Blue skin (Cyanosis), Yellow skin (Jaundice), Brown skin (Methemoglobinemia)
Skin effects can indicate different types of poisoning.
What are some CNS depressants?
- Opioid
- Sedative hypnotics
- Alcohol
- Cholinergics (organophosphates, Carbamate)
- Anticholinergics & Sympathomimetic in severe cases
- Others (salicylates, Lead, lithium, hypoglycemic agents)
- Iron
- Paracetamol
- Arsenic
- Organochlorine insecticides
- Ethanol
- Zinc phosphide
- Phenol
- Naphthalene
- Nitrites
CNS depressants can lead to decreased mental function and respiratory depression.
Which toxins are associated with miosis?
- Organophosphates
- Carbamate
- Opioids
- Carbolic acid
- Sedative – hypnotics (barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
- Ethanol
- Phenothiazines
- Parasympathomimetic drugs (Physostigmine, Pilocarpine)
Miosis refers to constricted pupils, often indicating exposure to certain toxins.
Which substances cause mydriasis?
- Anticholinergic drugs (atropine, TCAs)
- Sympathomimetic (amphetamines, cocaine, theophylline)
- Hallucinogens (phencyclidine)
- Serotonin syndrome (MAOI + SSRI)
- Cyanide
- Withdrawal of opiates
- Methanol
- Mercury
- Digitalis
- Corrosives
Mydriasis refers to dilated pupils, often a sign of toxicity.
What toxins have characteristic odors?
- Alcohol: Acetone
- Cyanide: Bitter almonds
- Arsenic, Organophosphates: Garlic
- Hydrogen sulfide: Rotten eggs
- Moth Balls
- Phenol
- Kerosene
- Opium
Odors can be key indicators in identifying toxic substances.
List some hepatotoxic toxins.
- Iron
- Paracetamol
- Arsenic
- Organochlorine insecticides
- Salicylates
- Ethanol
- Zinc phosphide
Hepatotoxic toxins can cause liver damage and dysfunction.
What are nephrotoxic toxins?
- Phenol
- Oxalic acid
- Lead
- Mercury
- Cadmium
- Salicylates
- Lithium
- Organochlorine insecticides
- Snake venom
Nephrotoxic agents can lead to renal impairment or failure.
What toxins are known to be cardiotoxic?
- Carbolic acid
- Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
- Beta-blockers (BBS)
- Scorpion venom
- Drugs causing ECG changes (Widened QRS: TCAs, Phenothiazines, Antihistaminic)
- Drugs causing prolonged QT interval (TCAs, Phenothiazines)
- Tachyarrhythmia (Anticholinergics & sympathomimetic)
Cardiotoxic substances can disrupt heart function and rhythm.
Which toxins can cause bradycardia and hypotension?
- Calcium channel antagonists
- Beta-adrenergic antagonists
- Digitalis
- Opioids
- Organophosphates and Carbamate
- Cyanide
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Tricyclic anti-depressants (in severe cases)
Bradycardia and hypotension are critical conditions that can arise from specific toxic exposures.
What toxins can cause non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
- Morphine
- Salicylates
- Barbiturates
- Hydrocarbons
- Carbon monoxide
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is characterized by fluid accumulation in the lungs without heart failure.
Fill in the blank: Toxins that can lead to jaundice include _______.
Hepatotoxic toxins
Jaundice is a condition often associated with liver dysfunction.
