LEC 4 Plasmodium Flashcards
Discovered low parasitemia from Macaca fascicularis; extremely high parasitemia in Macaca mulatta
Drs Knowels and Das Gupta
Southeast Asian Countries that has cases of P. knowlesi
- Philippines
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Thailand
- Indonesia
- Vietnam
How many cases of P. knowlesi were identified in 2006 in 2 barangays outside Puerto Princesa?
5
They inoculated the parasite to long tailed macaques and rhesus macaque
Campbell and Napier
Insect vector of P. knowseli
Anopheles minimus flavirostris
Stands up when biting
Anopheles
Sits down when biting
Aedes
Kingdom
Protista
Phylum
Apicomplexa
Class
Aconidasida
Order
Piroplasmida
Family
Babesiidae
Most common parasite of Protista
Babesia microti
Misdiagnosed as Plasmodium in areas high in Malaria prevalence due to its “ring shape”
Babesia
Geographic distribution of Babesia
Worldwide
Most common babesia in Europe
B. divergens
Most common babesia in northeast and midwest portions of United States
B. microti
Recently found on west coast may not be as prevalent in malaria-endemic countries
WA-1 strain
Definitive host of Babesia
Human or Deer tick
Vector of babesia
Ixodes scapularis
Sexual phase is also known as?
Sporogony
Results in the production of sporozoites
Sexual phase
Sexual phase takes about how many days?
8-35 days
Asexual phase is also known as?
Schizogony
Interval from sporozoite injection to the detection of parasites in the blood
Pre-patent period
Interval between sporozoite injection and the appearance of clinical signs and symptoms
Incubation period
Pre-patent period of P. falciparum
11 - 14 days
Pre-patent period of P. vivax
11 - 15 days
Pre-patent period of P. ovale
14 - 26 days
Pre-patent period of P. malariae
3-4 weeks
Used to identify specie
Thin films
Numerous small pink granules sometimes seen in erythrocytes infected with P. ovale and P. vivax
Schuffner’s dots
Preferred for detecting malaria infection because a greater amount of blood is examined
Thick films
Irregular, ameboid in trophozoites; has “spread out” appearance
P. vivax
Rounded, compact trophozoites with dense cytoplasm; band form occasionally seen
P. malariae
Tends to form a “rosette” or “flowerette” pattern
P. Malariae merozoite
A water-soluble protein produced by P. falciparum trophozoites and young gametocyte
Histidine-rich protein II (HRP II)
Treatment of malaria
Permethrin or deltamethrin, (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)
Primaquine
Hypnozoiticidal and gametocytocidal
Chloroquine
Blood schizontocides
Curcumin
Blood schizontocides
Artemisinin Dihydroartemisimin
Gametocytocidal
Occur when an infant acquires the infection at birth due to maternal-fetal blood transfusion when the placental vessels rupture
Congenital malaria
Able to generate specialized proteins and substance that cause the surface of the infected RBC to become sticky or adhesive
P. falciparum
Incubation period of P. falciparum
8-15 days
Incubation period of P. vivax
12-20 days
Incubation period of P. ovale
11-16 days
Incubation period of P. malariae
18-40 days
4 PH Provinces that remain endemic for Malaria
- Palawan
- Sulu
- Occidental Mindoro
- Sultan kudarat
Area in the Philippines with the greatest number of malarial cases
Palawan
Est. cases of Malaria in 2010
216M cases
Death common in Malaria
Children <5 years old
Intermediate host
Human
A parasite of long-tailed macaques but humans may be at risk of infection in certain
P. knowlesi
Occurs in the mosquito
Sexual phase
Occurs in humans
Asexual phase
Due to increased numbers of persisting blood stage form to clinically detectable levels but not from hypnozoites
Recrudescences
Ring form, immature trophozoite
Small trophozoite
Transition phase from ring stage to mature stage
Growing trophozoite
Mature trophozoite
Large trophozoite
Has the greatest number of endemic areas
Africa
Mild shivering to pronounced shaking of the entire body although the core temperature is high or may be rising quickly
Cold stage
The patient may vomit and febrile convulsion may occur in young children
Cold stage
Patient becomes febrile, fevers may reach a peak of 41C
Hot stage
