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Physiology > Lec 4 * Blood & Anemia* > Flashcards

Lec 4 * Blood & Anemia* Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood considered anatomically?

A

A connective tissue

Due to its origin in the bones and its function.

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2
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed cellular elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

Plasma makes up 55% of blood volume, while formed elements make up 45%.

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3
Q

What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

A

90%

The remaining components include proteins, carbon dioxide, and elements in transit.

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4
Q

What are the three main types of proteins found in plasma?

A
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Clotting proteins
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5
Q

What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?

A

To maintain osmotic balance between blood and tissue fluids

This is known as colloid osmotic pressure.

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6
Q

What are globulins responsible for?

A

Transporting various substances in the blood

Gamma globulins assist in the immune response.

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7
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen in blood?

A

It is a clotting protein that forms fibrin threads to bind platelets and red blood cells

This helps stop blood flow in response to tissue damage.

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8
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

The formation of red blood cells (RBCs)

RBCs are formed in the myeloid tissue, commonly known as red bone marrow.

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9
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

About 120 days

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10
Q

What is the main component of red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is crucial for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

Blood within this range is considered alkaline.

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12
Q

What happens to red blood cells at the end of their lifespan?

A

They are broken down, and hemoglobin is released

The globin part is recycled, iron is returned to the bone marrow, and heme is excreted as bilirubin.

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13
Q

How are white blood cells (WBCs) classified?

A
  • Granular leukocytes
  • Agranular leukocytes
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14
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

To fight bacteria and viruses through phagocytosis

They make up 50-70% of WBCs.

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15
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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16
Q

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

A

To aid in the process of hemostasis (blood stopping)

They accumulate at sites of broken blood vessels to form clots.

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17
Q

What are the three stages of hemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Formation of a platelet plug
  • Blood clotting
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18
Q

What regulates the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

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19
Q

True or False: Red blood cells contain a nucleus.

A

False

RBCs lack a nucleus and organelles.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The main component of hemoglobin is _______.

A

Iron

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21
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The process of stopping bleeding, involving platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Hemostasis consists of three stages: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

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22
Q

What initiates coagulation?

A

Activated platelets release granule contents that stimulate further platelet activation

This process occurs within 20 seconds of an injury.

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23
Q

What is a platelet plug?

A

A temporary seal formed by aggregated platelets at the site of an injury

It helps to stop the bleeding before a stable clot is formed.

24
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

At least 12 substances involved in the chemical reactions that lead to blood clot formation

Each clotting factor has a specific function in the coagulation cascade.

25
Q

What role does prothrombin play in coagulation?

A

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin by prothrombin activator, which is stimulated by damaged vessels

This reaction requires calcium ions.

26
Q

What is the function of thrombin?

A

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads

Fibrin forms a mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug.

27
Q

What is fibrin?

A

Insoluble protein threads that form a network around the platelet plug to stabilize a clot

This network is crucial for the healing process.

28
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A disease characterized by low or absent blood clotting factors, leading to prolonged bleeding

Hemophilia is inherited and primarily affects males.

29
Q

What are the two types of hemophilia?

A
  • Type A: Deficiency in factor VIII
  • Type B: Deficiency in factor IX

Type B is also known as Christmas disease.

30
Q

What is anemia?

A

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) and/or hemoglobin

It results in reduced oxygen transport to tissues.

31
Q

What are the three main classes of anemia?

A
  • Excessive blood loss
  • Excessive blood cell destruction (hemolysis)
  • Deficient red blood cell production (ineffective hematopoiesis)

Each class has different underlying causes and treatments.

32
Q

What is microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

Anemia characterized by small, pale red blood cells due to chronic blood loss or iron deficiency

It commonly occurs in menstruating women.

33
Q

What causes aplastic anemia?

A

Lack of functioning bone marrow due to radiation, chemicals, or certain drugs

It can lead to severe anemia due to insufficient RBC production.

34
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

Anemia due to the loss of vitamin B12, folic acid, or intrinsic factor, resulting in large, abnormal red blood cells

It can arise from conditions like pernicious anemia or intestinal sprue.

35
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Anemia resulting from the destruction of red blood cells at a rate faster than they can be produced

It can be caused by hereditary conditions or autoimmune processes.

36
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

A genetic disorder where red blood cells are small and spherical, leading to increased fragility and rupture

This condition affects the ability of red blood cells to traverse narrow capillaries.

37
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

A genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S), causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped

This shape makes the cells fragile and leads to painful crises and anemia.

38
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

A condition where Rh-positive fetal red blood cells are attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother

It results in severe anemia in the fetus due to rapid cell destruction.

39
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

A condition with an increase in total circulating erythrocyte mass

There are primary and secondary forms, each with different causes and implications.

40
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

A

A condition where erythrocyte counts increase to 8-11 million per cubic millimeter of blood

It can lead to increased blood viscosity and complications like thrombosis.

41
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia caused by increased production of erythropoietin, leading to higher erythrocyte production

It can occur in response to hypoxia or other stimuli.

42
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone that increases the production of erythrocytes

43
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

A condition where there may be 6 to 8 million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood, sometimes reaching 9 million

44
Q

What is physiologic polycythemia?

A

A type of secondary polycythemia where erythropoietin production increases appropriately, occurring in high altitudes

45
Q

At what altitude does physiologic polycythemia typically occur?

A

4275 to 5200 meters

46
Q

Name some causes of secondary polycythemia.

A
  • Smoking
  • Renal or liver tumors
  • Heart or lung diseases that result in hypoxia
  • Endocrine abnormalities like pheochromocytoma and adrenal adenoma with Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Anabolic steroid or erythropoietin abuse by athletes
47
Q

What is relative polycythemia?

A

An apparent rise of the erythrocyte level in the blood due to reduced blood plasma

48
Q

What are common causes of relative polycythemia?

A
  • Fluid loss
  • Burns
  • Dehydration
  • Stress polycythemia
49
Q

What treatments are used for polycythemia?

A
  • Treat the symptoms
  • Hydroxyurea to reduce RBCs
  • Interferon
50
Q

What is leukemia?

A

A cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually leukocytes

51
Q

What group of diseases does leukemia belong to?

A

Hematological neoplasms

52
Q

What happens to bone marrow in leukemia?

A

Normal marrow cells are displaced by malignant cells, leading to a lack of blood platelets

53
Q

What are some symptoms of leukemia?

A
  • Bruising
  • Excessive bleeding
  • Petechiae (pin-prick bleeds)
  • Risk of infections
  • Anemia causing dyspnea
54
Q

What diagnostic procedures are required for leukemia?

A
  • Blood tests
  • Bone marrow biopsy
55
Q

What is the primary treatment for leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy

Physiology (2 decks)

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