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NE 101 > Lec 31 Learning & Memory II > Flashcards

Lec 31 Learning & Memory II Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

A

Declarative/Explicit
Non-Declarative/Implicit

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2
Q

Declarative/Implicit Memory

A

Things you declare
Episodic (events)
Semantic (facts)
Conscious
Hippocampal-dependent

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3
Q

Non-Declarative/Implicit

A

Demonstrate by doing
Procedural: skills & habits
Emotional responses
Not hippocampal-dependent
Gradual (requires repetition)
ex. learning to ride a bike

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4
Q

Associative Learning

A

learning that involves relating 2 or more events

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5
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

linking behavior w/ consequences
ex. rat pushing lever to get food

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

linking a previously neutral stimulus w/ a future stimulus
ex. fear conditioning → associating a sound w/ color blue

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7
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

doesn’t require training

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

requires training

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9
Q

Skin Conductance Response

A

measure of emotional learning

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10
Q

When does a SCR scan have a damaged amygdala?

A

when it can’t respond to CS

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11
Q

When does a SCR scan have a damaged hippocampus?

A

when it responds to everything

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12
Q

When does a SCR scan have a damaged amygdala and hippocampus?

A

when it can’t respond to CS

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13
Q

What is required for emotional learning?

A

the amygdala

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14
Q

What is the amygdala also involved in?

A

fear aggression, emotion processing and decision-making

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15
Q

What questions are asked to examine declarative memory?

A
  1. how many colors did you see?
  2. name the colors
  3. how many colors were followed by the horn?
  4. name the colors followed by the horn
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16
Q

Testing Fear Conditioning in Rodents

A

a tone is associated with a mild electrical shock, which causes increased blood pressure and “freezing”

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17
Q

“Freezing”

A

rodent response to fearful stimulus

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18
Q

What does fear conditioning require?

A

the amygdala

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19
Q

What is important for learning skills and procedures?

A

striatum (part of basal ganglia)

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20
Q

How does the rat experiment test for memory about the procedure and not location?

A

Rat is placed in middle compartment → Finds food if it enters location on right or left → Rat is then placed on opposite side → must turn in same direction as previous trial to get food

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21
Q

What is important for working memory?

A

the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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22
Q

Working Memory

A

information held in the “mind”

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23
Q

What is required in working memory?

A

requires rehearsal to maintain information ex. remembering a phone number

24
Q

What can test working memory?

A

Delayed-response task

25
Q

What impairs performance in PFC?

A

lesions

26
Q

What is needed to form a memory?

A

sensory input

27
Q

What memory is in the prefrontal cortex?

A

working memory

28
Q

What are the cortical association areas?

A

Striatum/BG (Basal Ganglia)
Amygdala
Hippocampus/MTL (Medial Temporal Lobe)

29
Q

What is included in the striatum?

A

procedures, habits and skills

30
Q

What is included in the hippocampus?

A

declarative, spatial and episodic

31
Q

What does the amygdala help link?

A

the importance of an event with event details (positive & negative)

32
Q

What does the amygdala strengthen?

A

strengthens declarative memories about emotional events by increasing activity in the hippocampus

33
Q

What also changes when learning new motor skills?

A

motor cortex and cerebellum

34
Q

What are short term (hours) memories converted to?

A

long term (days/years) memories through memory consolidation

35
Q

What memories are hippocampal-dependent?

A

initial short term (declarative) memories

36
Q

Where does the storage of long-term memories occur?

A

throughout the cortex

37
Q

When are short term memories vulnerable?

A

until consolidation

38
Q

What is stored in long-term memory?

A

a small subset of sensory info

39
Q

When can memories be lost or altered?

A

during consolidation or retrieval

40
Q

Sensory Buffer

A

brief memories that vanish seconds later

41
Q

Engram

A

the lasting physical and/or chemical change that underlies memory

42
Q

In terms of the hippocampus and cortex, how is a memory developed?

A

a memory trace forms in the hippocampus and over time (> 3 weeks), it moves to the cortex

43
Q

T/F Hippocampus is the permanent storage of memory trace

A

False

44
Q

How long does consolidation take?

A

weeks (or longer); depends on pathways linking hippocampus and cortex

45
Q

Where are different memories stored?

A

different cortical areas

46
Q

What is memory storage heavily based on?

A

modality of sensory information input

47
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

changes in neurons and neural circuits associated with learning and memory

48
Q

Neurogenesis

A

addition of new neurons

49
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

creation of new synapses

50
Q

Pruning

A

elimination of synapses

51
Q

How can neuroplasticity occur?

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Synaptogenesis or Pruning
  3. Functional changes of snapses
52
Q

Where does neurogenesis occur?

A

in a few brain regions in mammals (including hippocampus)

53
Q

What is a functional change to a synapse?

A

changes in synaptic strength

54
Q

How are memories stored?

A

by modifying the connections (weight) btwn neurons in a cell assembly to create associations

55
Q

T/F Neurons in cell assembly could be the same neurons involved in the perception or generation of actions

A

True

56
Q

What is the engram comprised of?

A

neurons and the synaptic weights of connections

NE 101 (1 decks)

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