Lec 3

Question 1

What kind of complex meylin is ?

Answer 1

Protein lipid complex

Question 2

What cells make myelin in cns , pns

Answer 2

Oligodendrocytes, schwann

Question 3

What is the predominant component of white matter

Answer 3

Myelinated axons

Question 4

What is the function of myelin

Answer 4

İnsulation of axons , quick transmission of neural signals

Question 5

What is the main pattern of myelin injury in pns

Answer 5

Segmental demylination

Question 6

Causes of demylinating neuropathies

Answer 6

Hereditary , immune destruction of myelin

Question 7

Segmental demylination is related to which cell

Answer 7

Schwann , and can be primary or secondary due to axonal damge

Question 8

Hypertrophic neuropathy is a complication of which disease , what is its appearance under the microscope

Answer 8

Due to re - demylination cycles of schwann cells in segmental demylination , onion bulb appearance

Question 9

What is the clinical features of perephiral neuropathy related to segmental demylination

Answer 9

İmpaired function of the damaged nerve : muscle weakness and atrophy , pain , loss of sensation , parasthesia , AN dysfunction ( loss of bowel , bladder control )

Question 10

What is parasthesia

Answer 10

Any abnormal sensation , numbness, pricking , tingling , burning sensation without real physical stimulus

Question 11

What are peripheral neuropathies

Answer 11

Affects the function of one or more peripheral nerves , devided into:
Axonal neuropathy (axonal degeneration) 90%
Demyelinating neuropathy (segmental)

Question 12

The most common cause of generalised peripheral neuropathy

Answer 12

Diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy )

Question 13

All causes of peripheral neuropathy

Answer 13

Axonal damage :
Diabetes most common
Others : amylodosis , tumor , trauma , alcoholism , neurotoxic drugs , infections , autoimmune , vasculitis, CRF , nutritional diff
So any toxins , infections , infiltrative diseases , vascular diseases
Demylinating : immune destruction , heridetary ++ diabetes

Question 14

The Risk of developing diabetic neuropathy depends on

Answer 14

Duration of diabetes , level of control of blood sugar

Question 15

What is the most dangerous about diabetic neuropathy

Answer 15

(Most imp )The presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy.
And loss of feeling in the lower limb is a high risk for amputation

Question 16

Types of neuropathies in diabetic n

Answer 16

1. Distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy ( most common )
2. Autonomic neuropathy
3. Lumbosacral

Question 17

How increased glucose damages the nerves

Answer 17

1. AGE which causes microangiopathy , ischemia to nerves

2. Polyol pathway , low nadph , low glutathione wich is an antioxidant

Question 18

What cells have age receptor

Answer 18

Macrophages, endothelial , vascular smooth muscle cells , t lymphocytes

Question 19

Rage - age interaction effects

Answer 19

1. ros formation
2. cytokines and growth factors
3. Procoagulant activity
4. Proliferation of smooth muscle and extracellular matrix

Question 20

The effect of high sorbitol

Answer 20

Edema

Question 21

Guillian barre syndrome after what

Answer 21

Autoimmune neuropathy

After infections , immunization , surgery

Question 22

What microorganisms can cause gb syndrome

Answer 22

Cmv ebv corona-sars2 compylobacter jejuni

Question 23

What lab tests can be in gb syndrome

Answer 23

Csf : high protein , low wbc

Question 24

What kind of paralysis happen in gb

Answer 24

Acute symmetric ascending neuromuscular paralysis ( but can involve sensory and autonomic disturbances )

Question 25

What is fisher syndrome

Answer 25

5% Gb syndrome patients who have ophthalmoplagia , ataxia , areflexia

Question 26

What is the most dangerous about gb syndrome

Answer 26

Diaphragm paralysis (muscular)
Cardiac arrhythmia , hypo , hypertension (autonomic)

Question 27

Summerize chronic inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy

Answer 27

Chronic sensorimotor poly neuropathy
Immune mediated but not after infections
Associated with autoimmune diseases and aids

Question 28

Myelin diseases in pns

Answer 28

GB
CIDP
Segmental demyelination
Diabetic neuropathy