Lec 2II: The Status of Insect Biodiversity in the Philippines

Question 1

Species representaions of Ph Insects (After Gapud and Baltazar)

Answer 1

Neuropteroids - 35.7%
Panorpoids - 29.3 %
Hemipteroids - 14.2 %
Orthopteroids - 4.8%
Palaeopterans - 1.5%
Entognatha-Apterygotes - 0.25%

Question 2

Status of Insect BDV

Answer 2

21k species
6,185 genera
499 families

Question 3

Overall endemism

Answer 3

Overall endemism- 69.8%
1. Neuropteroids (beetles, twisted winged flies,antlions, lacewings, owlflies) account for 35.7%

2. Panorpoids (flies, fleas, butterflies, moths, caddisflies - 29.3%)
3. Hymneoptera (ants, bees, wasps 14.3%)
4. Hemipteroids (barklice, thrips, lice, planthoppers, leafhoppers, cicadas, true bugs - 14.2%)
5. Orthopteroids (grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, pygmy locusts and crickets, preying mantids,
   stick insects, earwigs, stoneflies, termites, roaches, webspinners - 4.8%)
6. Palaeopterans (mayflies, damselflies,
   dragonflies 1.5%), and the rest (0.25%)

Question 4

Relative proportions of 5 dominant insect orders out of 27 orders

Answer 4

1. Beetles, weevils (35.2%)
2. Bees, ants, wasps (14.3%)
3. Butterflies, moths (13.85%)
4. Flies (13.8%)
5. Bugs, hoppers, circadas (12.25%)

Question 5

Philippines is currently divided into six biogeographic zones:

Answer 5

(1) Greater Luzon – Luzon, Batanes, Polillo, Catanduanes, Marinduque;
(2) Greater Mindoro – Mindoro Island, Lubang Island;
(3) Greater Palawan – Palawan, Busuanga, Dumaran, Cuyo, Balabac,
(4) West Visayas – Sibuyan, Masbate, Romblon, Panay, Negros, Cebu;
(5) Greater Mindanao – East Visayas and Mindanao; and
(6) Sulu – Tawi-Tawi, Jolo, Sibutu, Sanga Sanga, Bongao.

Question 6

Are important arthropods of litter and humus-rich soils.

Answer 6

Acari (mites), termites (Isoptera), ants (Formicidae), and many
beetles (Coleoptera)

Question 7

A suite of morphological variations can be seen in soil insects. Larvae often have ____ to permit active movement through the soil, and pupae frequently have ____ that assist movement to the soil surface for ___.

Answer 7

well-developed legs
spinose transverse bands
eclosion

Question 8

Spines in the anterior spinose
band of a thirdinstar ___
(Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae appear
to flex in a ___.

Answer 8

Stable Fly
cusping-like fashion

Question 9

Ground-dwelling insects (Insects of litter and soil)

adult soil-dwelling insects have ___ and their wings are protected
by ____, or are reduced (____)

Answer 9

reduced eyes
hardened fore wings
brachypterous

Question 10

GDI
___ animal with short or reduced wings.

Answer 10

Brachypterous

Question 11

GDI
Flightlessness (that is either through primary absence or secondary loss of wings) in grounddwelling organisms may be countered by

Answer 11

jumping as a means of evading predation

Question 12

GDI:
the fore legs is modified for digging as ___ limbs. Example: mole
crickets immature cicadas, and many beetles.

Answer 12

fossorial

Question 13

Green Building in Zimbabwe Modeled After Termite Mounds

Answer 13

BIOMIMETIC ARCHITECTURE:

Question 14

Many soil-dwelling hexapods
derive their nutrition from
ingesting large volumes of soil
containing dead and decaying
vegetable and animal debris and
associated microorganisms

Answer 14

Saprophagous - Insect Decomposers

Question 15

Root-feeding insects

The damaging effects caused
by root chewers and miners such
as larvae of hepialid and ghost
moths, and beetles including
____, false wireworms (Tenebrionidae), weevils
(Curculionidae), scarabaeids, fleabeetles, and galerucine
chrysomelids may become ____

Answer 15

wireworms (Elateridae)
- evident only if the above-ground plants collapse.

Question 16

Root-feeding insects
- Cream-tan to yellow-orange in colour with darker rings

• __ attacked

Answer 16

False wireworms (Tenebrionidae)

• Crops attacked- Predominantly cereals, but also may be an occasional pest of canola.

Question 17

Flattened and dull brown in colour
- Shint brown-greyish in colour with paler under parts

Answer 17

Grey false wireworm (Isoperan sp.)

Question 18

Scarabaeids

Answer 18

Scarab Beetle: Japanese, Oriental and Asiatic Garden Beetles

Question 19

Life cycle of Popillia japonica. The most appropriate times to do the survey are

Answer 19

1. Adults feed on the leaves (Summer)
2. Lay eggs (Mid summer)
3. Eggs hatch; grubs start feeding (Midsummer- late winter)
4. Grubs feed on the roots (Early spring)
5. Pupation (Late spring)
6. Emergence of Adults (Beginning of summer)

Question 20

RFI:
Aphidlike insect that feeds on
roots of Vitis vinifera grape

Answer 20

Grape phylloxera

Question 21

RFI:
Migrate downwards to the roots

Answer 21

Radicilola

Question 22

RFI:
Gall inhabitants that either continue to use the maternal gall

Answer 22

Gallicolae

Question 23

RFI:
1. Life cycle of Grape phylloxera develops through 3 life stages.

2. First ____ overwinter on roots.
3. In ___, when soil temperatures
   exceed 60°F, nymphs start feeding,
   growing, and maturing into adults.
4. The adult females then lay up to ___ per female. After hatching, the mobile first instars (crawlers) may move between grapevines by walking through crevices in soil, on the soilsurface, or up vines where they are blown by the wind.
5. There are ___ generations each year, the greater number in warmer growing regions.

Answer 23

1. egg, nymph, and adult.
2. instars (nymphs)
3. spring
4. 300 eggs
5. 3-5

Question 24

RFI:
The damaging effects caused by root chewers and miners such as larvae of hepialid and ghost moths, and beetles including ___________ may become evident only if the above-ground plants collapse.

Answer 24

• wireworms (Elateridae),
• false wireworms (Tenebrionidae),
• weevils (Curculionidae),
• scarabaeids, flea-beetles,
• galerucine chrysomelids

Question 25

Last page + body parts memo

Answer 25

-