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STRUCTURES - WEEK 3 > LEC 23: Heart I (Vessels, Blood, Microstructure)- Part II - 09.03.14 > Flashcards

LEC 23: Heart I (Vessels, Blood, Microstructure)- Part II - 09.03.14 Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • formation and development of blood cells
  • very few starting cells produce massive numbers of mature cells
  • ~10 trillion blood cells are lost and replaced every day
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2
Q

Starting cells for hematopoiesis and their survival times

A
  1. red blood cells (4 months)
  2. leukocytes (10 hours)
  3. platelets (1 week)

NB: leukocytes = WBC (can be divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes)

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3
Q

Describe this slide of bone marrow

A

A. Red marrow

B. Yellow marrow

Bone marrow sample is usually taken from iliac crest, like coring an apple

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4
Q

Composition of blood

A
  1. cells
  • red blood cells (RBC): carry oxygen
  • leukocytes (WBC): fight infection
  • thombocytes (platelets): hemostasis (control bleeding)
  1. plasma
  • electrolytes: maintain tonicity
  • proteins: albumin, globulins (antibodies), clotting factors
  • lipids: serum
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5
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma? Cells?

A
  • plasma (55%)
  • cells (45%)
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6
Q

characteristics of blood cells

A
  • short life span (except lymphocytes and macrophages)
  • multiplicity of cell types
  • widely distributed throughout the body
  • bone marrow must respond quickly to emergency needs for additional cells
  • stem cells must be maintained in adequate numbers through life (e.g. self-renewal)
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7
Q

What are the structures in this peripheral blood smear

A

A. Platelet

B. Red blood cell (RBC)

C. Neutrophil (WBC)

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8
Q

Erythroblasts vs. Erythrocytes

A

Erythroblasts = young/immature RBC found in bone marrow

  • polychromatophilic erythroblasts = nucleated
  • orthochromatic erythroblasts = as differentiate, nucleas gets smaller and is eventually extruded

Erythrocytes = mature RBC found in blood

  • reticulocytes = immature RBC; count of reticulocytes used to check anemic patients
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9
Q

Size and shape of RBC

A
  • nucleus of small mature lymphocytes are approximately same size as RBC
  • biconcave disc (Surface Area important for gas exchange)
  • structure important for deformability
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10
Q

Normal Red Cell Membrane

A
  1. lipid bilayer (slippery exterior impedes adherence to capillaries or aggregation)
  2. integral membrane proteins (chloride-bicarbonate exchange)
  3. cytoskeleton proteins (maintain cellular shape, deformability, tensile strength)
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11
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A
  • anucleate
  • lack organelles (cannot replenish enzymes or cytoskeletal proteins)
  • anaerobic respiration
  • 120 day life span
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12
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • most abudant protein in blood
  • transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
  • transports CO2 from tissues to lungs
  • Importance of Fe (Iron) molecule for binding
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13
Q

Types of RBC deformities

A
  1. elliptocytes (too flat)
  2. spherocytes (no concave disc)
  3. Sickle cells (inherited defect in structure)
  4. microcytes (RBC smaller than should be)
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14
Q

megakaryocytes

(mega- = large; karyo- = nucleus; cyte- = cell)

A
  • can draw from bone marrow
  • largest cell in bone marrow
  • undergoes special division (only nucleus divies, not cell)
    • multiple lobes
  • cytoplasm breaks off, leaves marrow, becomes platelets
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15
Q

Characteristics of platelets

A
  • anuclear
  • 7-10 day life span
  • all organelles
  • electron dense granules
  • contractile proteins (actin, myosin)
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16
Q

Platelet function

A
  • first line of defense in hemostasis at site of vessel injury
    • adhesion, activation, aggregation
  • platform for fibrin formation (clot)
  • mediate inflammation
  • mediate vascular contriction (serotonin)
  • mediate fibroblasts proliferation
17
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

too few platelets

18
Q

What are the 5 kinds of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

GRANULOCYTES

  1. neutrophil
  2. eosinophil
  3. basophil

AGRANULOCYTES

  1. monocyte
  2. lymphocyte
19
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • polymorphonuclear leukocyte
  • 6 hour lifespan in blood
  • 1-5 day life span in tissue
  • multilobed nucleus
  • contractile proteins (actin, myosin)
  • endocytosis/phagocytosis function
  • 55-65% of WBC
20
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • biloped nucleus
  • circulate for several hours after leaving marrow, then enter skin, pulmonary, or GI mucosa
    • may migrate into local secretions
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
  • increased numbers in allergy and parasitic infections
  • 2-5% of WBC
21
Q

Basophils

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • basophilic granules contain heparin and histamine
  • mediate allergic responses
  • precursors of tissue mast cells
  • 1% of WBC
22
Q

Monocytes

A
  • eccentric, horeshoe-shaped nucleus
  • phagocytize antibody or complement coated cells/organisms
  • differentiate into tissue macrophages, living for months to years
  • 3-8% of WBC
23
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • effectors of immune response
    • T cells: cell mediated immunity
    • B cells: humoral immunity
  • 20-25% of WBC

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