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Hematology Exam 2 > Lec 21 - Genetics and Blood > Flashcards

Lec 21 - Genetics and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

carcinoma definition

A

cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs

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2
Q

sarcoma definition

A

cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective/supportive tissue

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3
Q

leukemia definition

A
  • “WHITE-BLOOD”
  • BONE MARROW AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD INVOLVED
  • cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter blood stream
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4
Q

lymphoma and myeloma definition

A
  • MASS IN LYMPH NODES OR OTHER SOFT TISSUES

- cancers that begin in cells of the immune system

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5
Q

central nervous system cancers definition

A

cancers that begin in brain or spinal cord tissue

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6
Q

acute leukemias - 2 main types: And COMMON SYMPTOM?

A
  • acute myeloblastic (AML)
  • acute lymphoblastic (ALL)

-PANCYTOPENIA-tumor cells displace or suppress normal blood elements in the bone marrow

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7
Q

Most common type of acute leukemia in adults?

A

Acute myeloblastic leukemia

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8
Q

acute lymphobastic - 2 types:

A

B-ALL 85%

T-ALL

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9
Q

Most common cancers in children?

A

acute lymphoblastic - AGGRESSIVE TUMORS

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10
Q

myeloproliferative neoplasms we are going through:

A
  • polycythemia vera
  • primary myelofibrosis
  • essential thrombocythemia
  • chronic myelogenous leukemia
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11
Q

polycythemia vera details

A
  • JAK2 mutation
  • high levels of functional RBCs
  • median survival less than 1yrs w/o treatment
  • TX: period blood removal, chemo
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12
Q

essential thrombocythemia details

A
  • JAK2 or MPL mutation
  • overproduction of megakaryocytes
  • many patients asymptomatic until late in life (50yrs)
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13
Q

primary myelofibrosis details

A
  • JAK2 or MPL mutations
  • fibrosis and atypical megakaryocytes
  • median survival varies from less than 1 to years depending on factors
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14
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A
  • BCR-ABL fusion gene chromosomes 9 and 22
  • overgrowth of granuocytic and megakaryocytic precursors in bone marrow
  • untreated patients progress to acute leukemia within 5 years
  • TX target the BCR-ABL kinase or stem cell transplant
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15
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome definition:

A

type of cancer in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells (WBC, RBC, platelets) and there are abnormal cells in the blood or bone marrow - can convert to acute myeloid leukemia

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16
Q

plasma cell disorder =

A

myeloma = huge amount if immunoglobulin

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17
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia is usually what cells?

A

immature pre-B cells

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18
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma are due to:

A

mature B cell disorder

19
Q

frequently associated with EBV?

A

lymphoma

20
Q

lymphoma - 2 main types

A

hodgkins and non hodgkins

21
Q

hodgkins lymphoma distinguishing feature:

A

-reed-sternberg cells (large cell with two or more nuclei or nuclear lobes, each of which contains a large eosinophilic nucleolus

22
Q

non-hodgkins lymphomas diseases:

A
  • follicular lymphoma
  • extranodla marginal zone lymphoma
  • diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
  • burkitt lymphoma
23
Q

impaired oncogene in follicular lymphoma?

A

BCL-2

24
Q

impaired oncogene in extranodla marginal zone lymphoma

A

NFkB

25
Q

impaired oncogene in diffuse large b-cell lymphoma

A

BCL6

BCL2

26
Q

impaired oncogene in burkitt lymphoma

A

c-Myc

27
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - genetics pattern?

A

complicated with more than 2 types of chromosomal translocations
-seen in older patients

28
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - distinguishing feature:

A

smudge cells

29
Q

multiple myeloma

  • type?
  • age rgouP?
  • composed of what cells?
  • distinguishing feature on blood smear?
  • bone lesions?
  • tumors produce what?
A
  • plasma cell disorder
  • 50-60 yrs
  • mature B-cels (plasma cells)
  • rouleaux formation
  • lytic bone lesions-invades bone
  • m-proteins -
30
Q

plasmacytoma

  • type?
  • info?
A
  • plasma cell disorder
  • low or no monoclonal immunoglobulin
  • can progress to multiple myeloma
31
Q

primary amyloidosis

  • type?
  • Secretes what?
  • what happens?
A
  • plasma cell disorder
  • clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow
  • SECRETES MONOCLONAL LIGHT CHAIN –> often misfolded and form fibril deposits in tissues
  • amyloid fibril deposits in organs = issues
32
Q

monoclonal gammapathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)

  • type?
  • detection issue?
  • risk?
A
  • plasma cell disorder
  • detect monoclonal immunoglobulin protein in the serum or urine BUT no evidence for malignancy of the plasma cells or B-lymphs
  • can progress to multiple myeloma
33
Q

POEMS syndrome

  • type?
  • associated with?
A

-plasma cell disorder
-P-Polyneuropathy
-O-Organomegaly
E-Endocrinopathy
M-Monoclonal protein
S- skin changes

34
Q

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma)
-type
secretes what?
-associated with?

A
  • plasma cell disorder
  • IgM secreting
  • associated with hyperviscosity syndrome
35
Q

multiple myeloma orgin?!

A

LYMPHOID!

36
Q

leukemia diagnosis

A

peripheral blood smear and or bone marrow biopsy

37
Q

lymphoma diagnosis

A

lymph node biopsy

38
Q

plasma cell neoplasms diagnosis

A

bone marrow biopsy

39
Q

Auer rod think:

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

40
Q

CD20 marker is

A

B-cells

41
Q

CD3 marker

A

T-cell

42
Q

induction therap

what is it? what si the goal?

A
  • initial treatment given for cancer.

- goal=induce remission of the disease by reducing the number of cancer cells to an undetectable level

43
Q

consolidation therapy
what is it
what is goal

A

-treatment given folliwng induction therapy

goal is to eliminate antyy undetectable cancer cells

44
Q

maintenance therapy
what is it
what is goal

A

given after patient achieves remission

goal is to maintain the remission and reduce risk of relapse

Hematology Exam 2 (10 decks)

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