Lec 21 - Genetics and Blood Flashcards
carcinoma definition
cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
sarcoma definition
cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective/supportive tissue
leukemia definition
- “WHITE-BLOOD”
- BONE MARROW AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD INVOLVED
- cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter blood stream
lymphoma and myeloma definition
- MASS IN LYMPH NODES OR OTHER SOFT TISSUES
- cancers that begin in cells of the immune system
central nervous system cancers definition
cancers that begin in brain or spinal cord tissue
acute leukemias - 2 main types: And COMMON SYMPTOM?
- acute myeloblastic (AML)
- acute lymphoblastic (ALL)
-PANCYTOPENIA-tumor cells displace or suppress normal blood elements in the bone marrow
Most common type of acute leukemia in adults?
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
acute lymphobastic - 2 types:
B-ALL 85%
T-ALL
Most common cancers in children?
acute lymphoblastic - AGGRESSIVE TUMORS
myeloproliferative neoplasms we are going through:
- polycythemia vera
- primary myelofibrosis
- essential thrombocythemia
- chronic myelogenous leukemia
polycythemia vera details
- JAK2 mutation
- high levels of functional RBCs
- median survival less than 1yrs w/o treatment
- TX: period blood removal, chemo
essential thrombocythemia details
- JAK2 or MPL mutation
- overproduction of megakaryocytes
- many patients asymptomatic until late in life (50yrs)
primary myelofibrosis details
- JAK2 or MPL mutations
- fibrosis and atypical megakaryocytes
- median survival varies from less than 1 to years depending on factors
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- BCR-ABL fusion gene chromosomes 9 and 22
- overgrowth of granuocytic and megakaryocytic precursors in bone marrow
- untreated patients progress to acute leukemia within 5 years
- TX target the BCR-ABL kinase or stem cell transplant
myelodysplastic syndrome definition:
type of cancer in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells (WBC, RBC, platelets) and there are abnormal cells in the blood or bone marrow - can convert to acute myeloid leukemia
plasma cell disorder =
myeloma = huge amount if immunoglobulin
acute lymphoblastic leukemia is usually what cells?
immature pre-B cells
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma are due to:
mature B cell disorder
frequently associated with EBV?
lymphoma
lymphoma - 2 main types
hodgkins and non hodgkins
hodgkins lymphoma distinguishing feature:
-reed-sternberg cells (large cell with two or more nuclei or nuclear lobes, each of which contains a large eosinophilic nucleolus
non-hodgkins lymphomas diseases:
- follicular lymphoma
- extranodla marginal zone lymphoma
- diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
- burkitt lymphoma
impaired oncogene in follicular lymphoma?
BCL-2
impaired oncogene in extranodla marginal zone lymphoma
NFkB
impaired oncogene in diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
BCL6
BCL2
impaired oncogene in burkitt lymphoma
c-Myc
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - genetics pattern?
complicated with more than 2 types of chromosomal translocations
-seen in older patients
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - distinguishing feature:
smudge cells
multiple myeloma
- type?
- age rgouP?
- composed of what cells?
- distinguishing feature on blood smear?
- bone lesions?
- tumors produce what?
- plasma cell disorder
- 50-60 yrs
- mature B-cels (plasma cells)
- rouleaux formation
- lytic bone lesions-invades bone
- m-proteins -
plasmacytoma
- type?
- info?
- plasma cell disorder
- low or no monoclonal immunoglobulin
- can progress to multiple myeloma
primary amyloidosis
- type?
- Secretes what?
- what happens?
- plasma cell disorder
- clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow
- SECRETES MONOCLONAL LIGHT CHAIN –> often misfolded and form fibril deposits in tissues
- amyloid fibril deposits in organs = issues
monoclonal gammapathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)
- type?
- detection issue?
- risk?
- plasma cell disorder
- detect monoclonal immunoglobulin protein in the serum or urine BUT no evidence for malignancy of the plasma cells or B-lymphs
- can progress to multiple myeloma
POEMS syndrome
- type?
- associated with?
-plasma cell disorder
-P-Polyneuropathy
-O-Organomegaly
E-Endocrinopathy
M-Monoclonal protein
S- skin changes
Waldenstroms macroglobinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma)
-type
secretes what?
-associated with?
- plasma cell disorder
- IgM secreting
- associated with hyperviscosity syndrome
multiple myeloma orgin?!
LYMPHOID!
leukemia diagnosis
peripheral blood smear and or bone marrow biopsy
lymphoma diagnosis
lymph node biopsy
plasma cell neoplasms diagnosis
bone marrow biopsy
Auer rod think:
acute myelogenous leukemia
CD20 marker is
B-cells
CD3 marker
T-cell
induction therap
what is it? what si the goal?
- initial treatment given for cancer.
- goal=induce remission of the disease by reducing the number of cancer cells to an undetectable level
consolidation therapy
what is it
what is goal
-treatment given folliwng induction therapy
goal is to eliminate antyy undetectable cancer cells
maintenance therapy
what is it
what is goal
given after patient achieves remission
goal is to maintain the remission and reduce risk of relapse
