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biosci S1 Pt2 > Lec 21 - blood composition > Flashcards

Lec 21 - blood composition Flashcards

1
Q

Large vessels have? think flow and volume.

A

High volume low flow

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2
Q

Small vessels have?

A

Low volume high flow

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3
Q

Example of small vessels with high pressure and why?

A

Capillaries due to having to push blood through (pressure and volume linked)

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4
Q

What threshold of blood loss is considered dangerous?

A

losing more than 1L of blood

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5
Q

What colour is blood in veins?

A

Darker red than arteries

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6
Q

What is the importance of blood pressure?

A
  • even and efficient flow
  • low enough to prevent leakage in capillaries but high enough to avoid coagulation
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7
Q

What is coagulation

A

Blood stopping

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8
Q

Blood pressure is based off the contraction of…?

A

the left ventricle

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9
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

goes from GI and spleen to liver

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10
Q

Which are the major proteins in blood?

A
  • albumin (makes up 50% of proteins in blood)
  • haemoglobin
  • fibrinogen (clotting, 7% of blood protein)
  • immunoglobins
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11
Q

What are the main kinds of lipids in blood?

A

HDL (high density lipoprotein - good cholersterol)
LDL (bad cholesterol)
VLDL

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12
Q

What are the main electrolytes in blood?

A

HCO3-
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
creatine
creatinine

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13
Q

What are the main functions of electrolytes in blood?

A

Tissue function and buffers of pH

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14
Q

Where will platelets sit in a low spin vs a high spin in the centrifuge?

A

Low spin, it will sit with the plasma

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15
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is plasma that has been coagulated. been allowed to clot. fibrinogen undergoes change to form clot. LIQUID LEFT AFTER CLOT IS REMOVED

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16
Q

Are there higher numbers of platelets of white blood cells in the blood?

A

platelets, around 400,000/ml

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17
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma still contains fibrinogen

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18
Q

What is serum electrophoresis?

A

Submitting serum to an electric field.

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19
Q

What is the composition of serum proteins after electrophoresis?

A

~50% albumin
~40% globulin

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20
Q

Name the different types of globulin

A

all types of immunoglobins:
- Alpha 1
- Alpha 2
- beta
- gamma

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21
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Maintains collodial osmotic pressure.
Binds and transports many small molecules, hormones.

22
Q

What activates fibrinogen?

A

Coagulation cascade. As a result, a cross-linked fibrin is formed (covalent bonds)

23
Q

What are immunoglobins?

A

Antibodies - produced by B cell lymphocytes.

24
Q

What is complement?

A

A cascade (set of) 9 major proteins involved in opsonisation

25
Q

What are coagulation factors?

A

turns fibrinogen to fibrin. A set of 13 proteins that are cleaved in an ordered cascade.

26
Q

What is Haemophilia?

A

Results from a missing factor/component. factor 8 deficiency is the most common. Cured by recombinant factor 8.

27
Q

Which electrolyte is essential to coagulation?

A

Ca2+

28
Q

What pH is blood kept at strictly?

A

7.4

29
Q

What is CD34?

A

A surface antigen market on human stem cells.

30
Q

What are the three most important factors that drive haematopoesis?

A

EPO
GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
G-CSF

31
Q

What is GM-CSF

A

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.
Stimulates production of innate WBCs

32
Q

What is G-CSF

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Produced by many different cells
Stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils

33
Q

Where does O2 associate and dissociate?

A

O2 readily associates in the lungs and dissociates in the tissues

34
Q

What is heme?

A

A molecule which is a part of haemoglobin. The iron in a heme molecule is what O2 binds to.

35
Q

What is the pressure relationship like between carbon dioxide and oxygen?

A

Oxygen is bound to heme, but as the pressure drops, it dissociates oxygen and binds to cO2

36
Q

which is one of the only blood cells that moves rapidly through tissue?

A

Neutrophils, they move rapidly to sites of infection

37
Q

How do neutrophils ‘chase’ bacteria/microbes

A

It senses a gradient in the microbe (chemoattractant gradient)

38
Q

The proteins in the complement cascade are proteoplytic. What does this mean?

A

They are proteins that break down other proteins

39
Q

What are the three pathways at the beginning of the complement cascade?

A

The classical (antibody) activation
the lectin activation (activation via lectin-a molecule that binds to carbohydrates)
the alternative activation (senses the surface of bacteria)

40
Q

which protein in the complement cascade is most abundant?

A

C3

41
Q

explain the process of opsonisation

A

C3 (or 2,5,etc) is activated to a component, a little extra dude. Then C3 turns into C3b, and the other dude is released, C3a, and his job is to attract and activate phagocytosis.

42
Q

what is an anaphylatoxin?

A

C3a, C4a, C5a etc

43
Q

Convertases are essential for?

A

The next step of the innate response

44
Q

What is a convertase?

A

complexes of proteins that bind irreversibly and covalently to surfaces of bacteria.

45
Q

Is opsonisation reversible?

A

No, once something has been opsonised it is like that for good.

46
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

produced by microbes, and it inhibits the complement cascade

47
Q

C5 onwards does what in the complement cascade?

A

Forms a lytic pore that causes some bacteria to lyse. aka the membrane attack complex (MAC)

48
Q

how many pathways are there in the coagulation pathway and what are the names?

A

intrinsic pathway (contact)
Extrinsic pathway (tissue damage)

49
Q

describe the process of coagulation cascade

A

Factor ten is activated by both arms to form factor 10a, an active enzyme, which then turns prothrombin into thrombin, which activates the fibrinogen -> fibrin

50
Q

What digests clots?

A

plasmin, which stems from plasminogen

51
Q

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagualtion are identical after the formation of?

A

prothrombin

biosci S1 Pt2 (16 decks)

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