LEC 2 RESEARCH Flashcards
What are the 5 schools of behaviour
methological
neobehaviour
cognitive behaviour
radical behaviour
social learning theory
what is behaviourisim
Behaviourism -is the philosophy of science which governs the approach to psychology that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable measurable behaviour
what did john Watson propose for methodological behaviourism
psychology focuses only on the
publicly observable and measurable events in an environment as
opposed to internal subjective measurements of introspection.
the goal is to predict and control behaviour
why would we exclude introspection for behaviour
because it’s very subjective, meaning the way we assume someone’s actions can be biased if we look internally, externally we can observe ones mental through their actions.
what is the stimulus-response theory
It is the connection between a specific response and a stimulus
what are examples of the stimulus-response theory
a dog begins to salivate when the bell rings before given food
what does the stimulus-response theory explain about behaviour
that we can understand the complex behaviour of both humans and animals by recognizing the response to a stimulus from environmental events to which we observe behaviour
if we are learning to drive a car and we hit the breaks and gas what is the stimulus and response
the stimulus is hitting the petals while the response is one is to stop and one is to drive. we then learn that when we press a certain petal, it will stop the whole car. this becomes a habit for something we want.
what is neobehaviourism
the existence of intervening variables from
the connection between the environment and behaviour internally/physiologically
why may the stimulus-response theory be the structure towards neobehaviourisim
because neobehaviourisim focuses on the stimulus from the environment that results in a internal response to the event
what is an example of neobehaviourisim
when we look at food we may feel internally the hunger deprivation.
why would gravity be a good example to neobehaviourisim
because its is a stimulus we cannot observe physically it happens to us internally and the response is we are grounded
what is cognitive behaviourisim
utilizes intervening variables, usually
hypothetical cognitive processes to explain behaviour.
what was the goal of cognitive behaviourisim
He focuses on the mental processes rather than the physiological internal events
what pros did cognitive behaviourism have
the rapid speed for learning from mental mapping representation with rats in a maze
what is social learning theory
emphasizes the importance of observational
learning and cognitive variables, explaining human behaviour.
what is the idea of the learning theory
that environment events, thoughts and feelings and observable behaviour influence each other
what example can we make about the social theory that our internal forces influence our enviroment events
if we felt we wanted to work on self-improvement we would find ways to feel we are self-improved like going to the gym eating healthy, and doing homework on time.
when we say that social theory is about environment events, thoughts and feelings and observable behaviour influence each other, what is the definition to this
reciprocal determinisim
what is radical behaviour
when the environment events influence our observable behaviour but taking control as to how we can portray that observable behaviour
why is it important to have self control when is comes to radical behaviourisim
because self-control can help us understand ourselves and understand how the environment affects us and change the environment
why should we adapt to the enviroment
because it can help us change an environmental event to be positive or negative. when we adapt we reciprocate frequency which reinforces other behaviours
what are the two types of Modern behaviour analysis
applied analysis
experimental analysis
What is experimental behavioural analysis(EBA)
It is when research emphasizes on scientific basic principles of behaviour such as observation
What is applied behavioural analysis(ABA)
It emphasizes research in basic principles of behaviour in order to develop solutions in the real world.
what is a variable
it’s a characteristic of a person place or thing that changes overtime from one situation to another
what is an example of a variable
temperature because it can change in the course of multiple times in a singular day and at any time
how is friendly a variable
because friendly can mean a bunch of things to every individual person and friendly can change to shy or angry
what types of variables are there
tempermant
categorical
continunum
if we were to test a group of rats in a maze, each mouse has 10 tries to attempt to find thier way out of the maze, using a randomly assigning method we give different conditions to each rate from 1 pellet of food to 4 each time they reach out the maze
whats the iv and dv
The IV is the amount of food pellets we give to the rats (the conditioning) because it motivates rats to do better than those who didn’t get any food at all.
the dv is the number of times the rats reach out of the maze
what is a quasi independent variable
a variable that is inseparable from an
individual and cannot be manipulated, however group comparisons
can be made based on that variable
what is an example of a quasi experiment variable and why
an example would be age because we cannot manipulate someone’s characteristics or physique. but we can make comparisons within groups such as grouping people by age groups, or those who are Chinese compared to Austrians.
what is a functioning relationship between the iv and dv
when changes in the iv result for different outcomes for the dv.
what is a stimulus
any event that can potentially influence behaviour even such as cues
Appretitive stimulus (ATS) vs Aversive stimulus (AVS)
ATS is when an organism will seek out for while AVS is something an organism will avoid
examples of both ATS and AVS
ATS = the lookout for food
AVS = avoiding harm or fears
what is a response
an instant unit of behaviour
what does a response trigger
a stimulus
what is overt behaviour
behaviour that can be observed by another individual
what is covert behaviour
behaviour that can only be observed from the person performing the behaviour but can be observed externally at some points
having anxiety is an example of …
covert behaviour
having an allergic reaction is an example of …
overt behaviour
what is a loud noise considered and whats the result of it
a stimulus that has the response of shock
when a traffic stop turns red what does this mean
it means its a stimulus signing as a cue to slow down/stop
if a rat bites another rat, what does this tell us about stimuli and responses in organisims
that an organism can act like a stimulus that influences a response from another organism
a person says hello to you, what type of behaviour is this
overt behaviour
I’m dreaming in class, what type of behaviour is this and why
its covert because its privately being perceived but nobody else can gravitate that unless its being said
is it possible for both covert and overt behaviours to fall for the same stimuli how so
yes for example, if we are playing a game of chess and someone makes a move I’m thinking of my next move (CB) and once i made the decision i make the move (OV
stimuli vs stimulus
stimuli is any external or internal while stimulus is anything that can trigger physical or behavioural change.
Julie dislikes Jake, one of the people who work in her department. Because Julie avoids Jake as much as possible, Jake can
be considered an (appetitive/adversive/aversive) stimulus.
Aversive
If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our ________ behavior. If we act first and feel regret later, then our ___________ behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our overt
covert behavior.
covert , overt
when someone claims they hate smoking but will take every step of the way to get another pack of smokes what is this an example of
ATS
what is a motivating operation
a prodecure that affects both a appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus
what are the two types of operation
establish operation
abolishing operation
what is the difference between establishing and abolishing operation
establish increases both aversiveness and appetitveness while abolishing decreases it
if we make a animal deprive on food what is the aspect of aversiveness and appreciativeness and what type of operation is it
it would be an establishing operation because we are increasing the animal to want something with pleasure and unpleasant at the same time, wanting food being the pleasure and depriving of it as the unpleasant.
say we try to make studying more appealing for us by setting awards what is this and example of
using the motivation operation to manipulate a variable.
what explains that before we eat we are excited to eat but once we are full we wont want to look at food
the establish and abolish operation.
what is Contiguity
It the meaning of closeness or nearby
this can mean close in time and space
what is Contingency
It is a predicted functional relationship between two events where one event can affect the other.
what are examples of contiguity
like lighting and thunder both cause around the same time and nearby
if a rat pulled a lever in order to get food, what is this an example of
Contingency
what are three ways we can measure behaviour
interval
time
topography
Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year. It is likely that, for her, the reward value of going to a movie has _____________ as a function of ____________ which is an example of a(n)
increased, deprived establishing operation
Erin claims that she once experienced a sharp pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg. Because of the __________________ between her feeling of pain and her son’s injury, Erin now believes that she has some type of psychic ability.
temporal conguity
People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. In other words, ________________ seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships
spital conguity
Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently, even if the exam was delayed for several days. For Sasha, there is a __________________between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.
conguency
why do we define behaviour as unambigous
because we want measurements to be consistent
the amount of times a lever was pushed in the pass two hours we use on a cumulative recorder is an example of
rate a response
if we wanted to measure behaviour through sounds or duration what is this an example of
intensity and mangitude
if we wanted to test how long it would take for a rat to follow through the maze in total what is this an example of
speed and length
if we wanted to test how long it would take the rat to follow through the maze after hearing a noise what is this an example of
latency
what is interval recording
measurement of whether a behaviour occurs during each
interval within a series of continuous intervals
an hourly checklist checking off the amount of time you studied hourly is an example of
interval recording
time-sample recording
whether a behavior occurs during each interval
within a series of discontinuous intervals
what is an example of time sample recording
checking if someone acts aggressive in a classroom for 10 minutes within that time frame of observing
what is topography
observing physical form of the behavior
what is interobserver reliability
Measures the degree to which two or more coders agree
what is an example of a interobserver
an interval recording procedure in which two observers independently record the occurrence of aggression in
each of 12 consecutive intervals, they may agree on whether an incident occurred in 10 of the intervals and disagree in 2
of the intervals
what is descriptive research and how do we measure in descrptive
it is a measure in which we study behaviour when it occurs, we can measure this through natural observation
A device commonly used to measure the ongoing rate of a behavior is a ____________. On this device, a flat line indicates _______________ responding, while a steep line indicates _______________ of responding and a shallow line indicates ______________ of responding.
culmative recorder, no response, fast rate, slow rate
how do we calculate interobserver reliability
dividing the correct intervals with the total intervals and one the scale bewteen 80 to 90% is its minuimum and maximum
Shannon and her students spend each spring and summer in the local river valley studying the vocalizations of squirrels. If
they only observe and record occurrences of the behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs, they are engaging in the __________ method of research
naturalistic observation
when we use interobserver reliability what are we minamizing
bias/influence
whats a limitation to naturalistic observation
it’s hard to determine functional and cause-and-effect relationships
meaning are our observations look as they seem
the effects of two or more independent variables (or factors)
across groups of subjects is an example of
factorial design
Study the effects of type of learning of strategy (visual vs. verbal) and study environment
(quiet vs. noisy) on test performance
what is this an example of
factorial design
The length of time it takes Raj to read a chapter from start to end is a(n) ———- measure of behavior, while the amount of time it took before he started reading is a(n)————measure of behavior. The total amount of time he spends reading each day is a(n) ——— measure of behavior.
speed
latency
duration
