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PSYC 2600 - INTRO TO LEARNING > LEC 2 RESEARCH > Flashcards

LEC 2 RESEARCH Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 schools of behaviour

A

methological
neobehaviour
cognitive behaviour
radical behaviour
social learning theory

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2
Q

what is behaviourisim

A

Behaviourism -is the philosophy of science which governs the approach to psychology that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable measurable behaviour

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3
Q

what did john Watson propose for methodological behaviourism

A

psychology focuses only on the
publicly observable and measurable events in an environment as
opposed to internal subjective measurements of introspection.

the goal is to predict and control behaviour

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4
Q

why would we exclude introspection for behaviour

A

because it’s very subjective, meaning the way we assume someone’s actions can be biased if we look internally, externally we can observe ones mental through their actions.

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5
Q

what is the stimulus-response theory

A

It is the connection between a specific response and a stimulus

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6
Q

what are examples of the stimulus-response theory

A

a dog begins to salivate when the bell rings before given food

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7
Q

what does the stimulus-response theory explain about behaviour

A

that we can understand the complex behaviour of both humans and animals by recognizing the response to a stimulus from environmental events to which we observe behaviour

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8
Q

if we are learning to drive a car and we hit the breaks and gas what is the stimulus and response

A

the stimulus is hitting the petals while the response is one is to stop and one is to drive. we then learn that when we press a certain petal, it will stop the whole car. this becomes a habit for something we want.

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9
Q

what is neobehaviourism

A

the existence of intervening variables from
the connection between the environment and behaviour internally/physiologically

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10
Q

why may the stimulus-response theory be the structure towards neobehaviourisim

A

because neobehaviourisim focuses on the stimulus from the environment that results in a internal response to the event

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11
Q

what is an example of neobehaviourisim

A

when we look at food we may feel internally the hunger deprivation.

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12
Q

why would gravity be a good example to neobehaviourisim

A

because its is a stimulus we cannot observe physically it happens to us internally and the response is we are grounded

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13
Q

what is cognitive behaviourisim

A

utilizes intervening variables, usually
hypothetical cognitive processes to explain behaviour.

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14
Q

what was the goal of cognitive behaviourisim

A

He focuses on the mental processes rather than the physiological internal events

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15
Q

what pros did cognitive behaviourism have

A

the rapid speed for learning from mental mapping representation with rats in a maze

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16
Q

what is social learning theory

A

emphasizes the importance of observational
learning and cognitive variables, explaining human behaviour.

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17
Q

what is the idea of the learning theory

A

that environment events, thoughts and feelings and observable behaviour influence each other

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18
Q

what example can we make about the social theory that our internal forces influence our enviroment events

A

if we felt we wanted to work on self-improvement we would find ways to feel we are self-improved like going to the gym eating healthy, and doing homework on time.

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19
Q

when we say that social theory is about environment events, thoughts and feelings and observable behaviour influence each other, what is the definition to this

A

reciprocal determinisim

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20
Q

what is radical behaviour

A

when the environment events influence our observable behaviour but taking control as to how we can portray that observable behaviour

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21
Q

why is it important to have self control when is comes to radical behaviourisim

A

because self-control can help us understand ourselves and understand how the environment affects us and change the environment

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22
Q

why should we adapt to the enviroment

A

because it can help us change an environmental event to be positive or negative. when we adapt we reciprocate frequency which reinforces other behaviours

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23
Q

what are the two types of Modern behaviour analysis

A

applied analysis
experimental analysis

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24
Q

What is experimental behavioural analysis(EBA)

A

It is when research emphasizes on scientific basic principles of behaviour such as observation

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25
Q

What is applied behavioural analysis(ABA)

A

It emphasizes research in basic principles of behaviour in order to develop solutions in the real world.

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26
Q

what is a variable

A

it’s a characteristic of a person place or thing that changes overtime from one situation to another

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27
Q

what is an example of a variable

A

temperature because it can change in the course of multiple times in a singular day and at any time

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28
Q

how is friendly a variable

A

because friendly can mean a bunch of things to every individual person and friendly can change to shy or angry

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29
Q

what types of variables are there

A

tempermant
categorical
continunum

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30
Q

if we were to test a group of rats in a maze, each mouse has 10 tries to attempt to find thier way out of the maze, using a randomly assigning method we give different conditions to each rate from 1 pellet of food to 4 each time they reach out the maze

whats the iv and dv

A

The IV is the amount of food pellets we give to the rats (the conditioning) because it motivates rats to do better than those who didn’t get any food at all.

the dv is the number of times the rats reach out of the maze

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31
Q

what is a quasi independent variable

A

a variable that is inseparable from an
individual and cannot be manipulated, however group comparisons
can be made based on that variable

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32
Q

what is an example of a quasi experiment variable and why

A

an example would be age because we cannot manipulate someone’s characteristics or physique. but we can make comparisons within groups such as grouping people by age groups, or those who are Chinese compared to Austrians.

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33
Q

what is a functioning relationship between the iv and dv

A

when changes in the iv result for different outcomes for the dv.

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34
Q

what is a stimulus

A

any event that can potentially influence behaviour even such as cues

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35
Q

Appretitive stimulus (ATS) vs Aversive stimulus (AVS)

A

ATS is when an organism will seek out for while AVS is something an organism will avoid

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36
Q

examples of both ATS and AVS

A

ATS = the lookout for food
AVS = avoiding harm or fears

37
Q

what is a response

A

an instant unit of behaviour

38
Q

what does a response trigger

A

a stimulus

39
Q

what is overt behaviour

A

behaviour that can be observed by another individual

40
Q

what is covert behaviour

A

behaviour that can only be observed from the person performing the behaviour but can be observed externally at some points

41
Q

having anxiety is an example of …

A

covert behaviour

42
Q

having an allergic reaction is an example of …

A

overt behaviour

43
Q

what is a loud noise considered and whats the result of it

A

a stimulus that has the response of shock

44
Q

when a traffic stop turns red what does this mean

A

it means its a stimulus signing as a cue to slow down/stop

45
Q

if a rat bites another rat, what does this tell us about stimuli and responses in organisims

A

that an organism can act like a stimulus that influences a response from another organism

46
Q

a person says hello to you, what type of behaviour is this

A

overt behaviour

47
Q

I’m dreaming in class, what type of behaviour is this and why

A

its covert because its privately being perceived but nobody else can gravitate that unless its being said

48
Q

is it possible for both covert and overt behaviours to fall for the same stimuli how so

A

yes for example, if we are playing a game of chess and someone makes a move I’m thinking of my next move (CB) and once i made the decision i make the move (OV

49
Q

stimuli vs stimulus

A

stimuli is any external or internal while stimulus is anything that can trigger physical or behavioural change.

50
Q

Julie dislikes Jake, one of the people who work in her department. Because Julie avoids Jake as much as possible, Jake can
be considered an (appetitive/adversive/aversive) stimulus.

A

Aversive

51
Q

If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our ________ behavior. If we act first and feel regret later, then our ___________ behavior serves as a stimulus that influences our overt
covert behavior.

A

covert , overt

52
Q

when someone claims they hate smoking but will take every step of the way to get another pack of smokes what is this an example of

A

ATS

53
Q

what is a motivating operation

A

a prodecure that affects both a appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus

54
Q

what are the two types of operation

A

establish operation
abolishing operation

55
Q

what is the difference between establishing and abolishing operation

A

establish increases both aversiveness and appetitveness while abolishing decreases it

56
Q

if we make a animal deprive on food what is the aspect of aversiveness and appreciativeness and what type of operation is it

A

it would be an establishing operation because we are increasing the animal to want something with pleasure and unpleasant at the same time, wanting food being the pleasure and depriving of it as the unpleasant.

57
Q

say we try to make studying more appealing for us by setting awards what is this and example of

A

using the motivation operation to manipulate a variable.

58
Q

what explains that before we eat we are excited to eat but once we are full we wont want to look at food

A

the establish and abolish operation.

59
Q

what is Contiguity

A

It the meaning of closeness or nearby

this can mean close in time and space

60
Q

what is Contingency

A

It is a predicted functional relationship between two events where one event can affect the other.

61
Q

what are examples of contiguity

A

like lighting and thunder both cause around the same time and nearby

62
Q

if a rat pulled a lever in order to get food, what is this an example of

A

Contingency

63
Q

what are three ways we can measure behaviour

A

interval
time
topography

64
Q

Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year. It is likely that, for her, the reward value of going to a movie has _____________ as a function of ____________ which is an example of a(n)

A

increased, deprived establishing operation

65
Q

Erin claims that she once experienced a sharp pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg. Because of the __________________ between her feeling of pain and her son’s injury, Erin now believes that she has some type of psychic ability.

A

temporal conguity

66
Q

People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. In other words, ________________ seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships

A

spital conguity

67
Q

Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently, even if the exam was delayed for several days. For Sasha, there is a __________________between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.

A

conguency

68
Q

why do we define behaviour as unambigous

A

because we want measurements to be consistent

69
Q

the amount of times a lever was pushed in the pass two hours we use on a cumulative recorder is an example of

A

rate a response

70
Q

if we wanted to measure behaviour through sounds or duration what is this an example of

A

intensity and mangitude

71
Q

if we wanted to test how long it would take for a rat to follow through the maze in total what is this an example of

A

speed and length

72
Q

if we wanted to test how long it would take the rat to follow through the maze after hearing a noise what is this an example of

A

latency

73
Q

what is interval recording

A

measurement of whether a behaviour occurs during each
interval within a series of continuous intervals

74
Q

an hourly checklist checking off the amount of time you studied hourly is an example of

A

interval recording

75
Q

time-sample recording

A

whether a behavior occurs during each interval
within a series of discontinuous intervals

76
Q

what is an example of time sample recording

A

checking if someone acts aggressive in a classroom for 10 minutes within that time frame of observing

77
Q

what is topography

A

observing physical form of the behavior

78
Q

what is interobserver reliability

A

Measures the degree to which two or more coders agree

79
Q

what is an example of a interobserver

A

an interval recording procedure in which two observers independently record the occurrence of aggression in
each of 12 consecutive intervals, they may agree on whether an incident occurred in 10 of the intervals and disagree in 2
of the intervals

80
Q

what is descriptive research and how do we measure in descrptive

A

it is a measure in which we study behaviour when it occurs, we can measure this through natural observation

81
Q

A device commonly used to measure the ongoing rate of a behavior is a ____________. On this device, a flat line indicates _______________ responding, while a steep line indicates _______________ of responding and a shallow line indicates ______________ of responding.

A

culmative recorder, no response, fast rate, slow rate

82
Q

how do we calculate interobserver reliability

A

dividing the correct intervals with the total intervals and one the scale bewteen 80 to 90% is its minuimum and maximum

83
Q

Shannon and her students spend each spring and summer in the local river valley studying the vocalizations of squirrels. If
they only observe and record occurrences of the behavior and the circumstances in which it occurs, they are engaging in the __________ method of research

A

naturalistic observation

84
Q

when we use interobserver reliability what are we minamizing

A

bias/influence

85
Q

whats a limitation to naturalistic observation

A

it’s hard to determine functional and cause-and-effect relationships

meaning are our observations look as they seem

86
Q

the effects of two or more independent variables (or factors)
across groups of subjects is an example of

A

factorial design

87
Q

Study the effects of type of learning of strategy (visual vs. verbal) and study environment
(quiet vs. noisy) on test performance

what is this an example of

A

factorial design

88
Q

The length of time it takes Raj to read a chapter from start to end is a(n) ———- measure of behavior, while the amount of time it took before he started reading is a(n)————measure of behavior. The total amount of time he spends reading each day is a(n) ——— measure of behavior.

A

speed
latency
duration

89
Q
A

PSYC 2600 - INTRO TO LEARNING (2 decks)

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