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PSYC 2700 - SOCIAL PSYC > LEC 2 - methodology > Flashcards

LEC 2 - methodology Flashcards

1
Q

what is hindsight bias

A

when we suspect an answer before hand of knowing the answer because in retrospect it may be obvious but future findings may be shocking/not expected

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2
Q

what is an example of hindsight bias

A

If you give a reward to a child for doing something they already like they will either a)like the activity more
b) the same
c) less

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3
Q

what is theory

A

a set of principals to explain a phenomena through observation

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4
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a testable statement/idea about a relationship between two or more variables

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5
Q

what is the idea of diffusion of responsibility

A

the theory from latne and darley that the more people witnessing a emergency situation, the more likely nobody will do anything about it/try to intervene

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6
Q

what is operational definition

A

the spesification of how variables are measured and manipulated

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7
Q

“what is the nature of phenomena” is an example of what type of research

A

observational design

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8
Q

“what is the relation between x and z” is an example of

A

correlational design

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9
Q

“is variable x the cause for variable z” is an example of

A

experimental design

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10
Q

what is the observational method

A

when a researcher systematically records measurement of behaviour by observing

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11
Q

why would we use a obsersvational method

A

if we want to describe a specific group of people or specific behaviour without any biases.

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12
Q

what is Ethnography

A

understanding a group or culture by observing in the inside of that group or culture by imposing as them without saying so.

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13
Q

what is an example of ethnography that doesn’t involve culture

A

if a class of students have a group chat a teacher or TA may act like a student in order to hear if any comments about the teacher of class students agree with.

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14
Q

give an example as to why we give operational definitions

A

bullying can mean different things towards two people, one person may look as bullying as something harmful as violence physically, another person may view bullying as something considered bullying if it happens more than once. while those two seperate people read and article about bullying, it can change its study because there was no clear statement of what bullying means in its research.

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15
Q

what is archival analysis

A

a observational design when a researcher observes a group/culture through documents like newspaper, diaries, notes, magazines, articles and advertisments, music lyrics, etc.

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16
Q

why is the method archival analysis powerful

A

it provides the unique values and interest of the culture/group were observing

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17
Q

what is an example of how archival analysis has proved for thier method to be powerful

A

In advertisment men and women are view differently.

women may be viewed as sensual, beauty, simplicity even
while men are viewed as masculine smart beings. (this itself can change among different people)

and because of this they give society a view of what they themsleves potray women and men therefore tell us about a group

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18
Q

what is the correlational method

A

researchers measure two or more variables and asses the relationship between them

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19
Q

how could we measure if peoples level of compassion relates to the amount of money they donate to charity

A

by using a correlational method

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20
Q

what is a correlation coefficent

A

the stat that assesses how well you can predict one variable on another by the range of -1 and +1

specifically the relation between variables a and b through strength and direction

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21
Q

if we have a correlation of -.56 what does this tell us

A

that a relationship between two variables is negativley related to one another, one variable increases while the other decreases

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22
Q

what happens when two variables of a correlation of 0

A

then there is no correlation at all

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23
Q

why would we use a survey in a correlational method

A

a convienent faster way through doing them on the phone, in person or online.

24
Q

what are the two types of empirical research and what makes them so different

A

basic and applied are the two types and their difference follow within what the research is based on, one is completely science while the other are based on real-world problems

25
Q

what is an example of basic research

A

researching the cognitive abilities among children in order to detect anxiety

26
Q

what is an example of applied research

A

public effects of the ease of access and viewing online violent and degrading sexualized material

27
Q

what is the investment theory model

A

It is the theory in relationships that empathizes the role of commitment in a relationship

28
Q

what do we mean when we say commitment for the investment theory model

A

commitment is when one desires something and reflects the belief that the relationship is unbreakable/important and ever-lasting.

29
Q

what principles does commitment fall for and what does it result to

A

investment, satisfaction and comparison with alternatives and these three factors help us define if a relationship should last or end.

30
Q

what does the investment theory and methodology have in common

A

we take a look at a theory we made, we desire our work, we make a hypothesis, we hand it into empirical research, the acceptance is our satisfaction of success or fail, when we succeed we are happy if not, we fail and have to revise our theory and hypo and start all over again

31
Q

what do we do when we find a observation

A

when we observe an action, we decide to observe it if it’ll happen again, if we see a pattern we create a theory because of that consistent observation and create a hypothesis to which we observe more findings in order to find a relationship between what we hypothesised and what we observed and connect the two in a relationship

32
Q

what are representative variables

A

its samples that represent their population sample

33
Q

in the observational method, what ways can we increase validity

A

by agreeing with everything a group may say or put ourself in someone else’s shoes

34
Q

in order to agree a culture belief that we dont in a observational method, what is this called

A

interjudge reliability

35
Q

what is the association of .30

A

a weak association

36
Q

if the direction of a and b is positive what would directions look like for both variables

A

they would both point right in the same direction

37
Q

what happens if both a and b variables are negative

A

then they would both have a weak situation and direct opposite places.

38
Q

what do we often use to get data in correlational studies and why

A

questionnaires and surveys because they’re convenient

39
Q

what is the spurious relationship

A

It is the relationship between A and B can be explained through a third variable problem

40
Q

what is the experimental method

A

It is the determination of causal relations between a variable causes variable b to change.

41
Q

when we manipulate a variable what is it called and why must we manipulate

A

it’s the independent variable we must manipulate because we want to determine the responses on a dependent variable

42
Q

how would we control a third variable problem

A

by holding our independent variable by a constant.

43
Q

what can we not manipulate as a independent variable

A

gender and age

44
Q

what is the bystander effect

A

the idea that the more witnesses observing a emergency situation the more likely nobody will do anything

45
Q

how can the bystander effect be explained

A

it was the significance of the amount of bystanders looking around depended on the decision to help and possibly personality as well.

46
Q

what is internal validity

A

ensuring only the independent variable can affect the dependant variable.

47
Q

how would we increase our chances of internal validity

A

by randomly assigning people to different conditions

48
Q

what is external validity

A

the extent to portray results from a study to be generalized amongst people and situations

49
Q

how would we increase the likely of external validity

A

by blurring the true reasoning of the study in the first place

50
Q

say we misdirected people purposely after a study, what does this do and what is it called

A

its a cover study to increase our chances for external validity

51
Q

what does the p-value tell us

A

it’s a stat value that gives us confidence to understand that our research findings were by chance rather than the doing of the independent variable.

52
Q

what is psychological realisim

A

the similarities between psychological processes triggered in a study and psychological processes triggered by a real-life situation

53
Q

what does psychological realism explain, give and example

A

based on a scenario in a study we may react differently then if it were to be in a real-life situation

if we told participants we wanted to see their reaction in a emergency, most people would not act the way they do if the emergency was a real-life situation

54
Q

how does psychological realism and cover story relate to eachother, give an example

A

because in order for people not to be triggered between their psychological processes in the study and real life, we create a scenario in order to find the real observations/data of what we are looking for

so if we wanted to see people’s actions during an emergency instead of telling them, we tell them we are studying something else and try an create a emergency in order for it to not seem staged

55
Q

what is a field experiment

A

experiments that take place outside of scientific labs

56
Q

why would we do field experiments

A

it’s cheaper and convenient for researchers and increases external validity

57
Q

why would felid experiments be less popular

A

because random assigning is a lot harder and internal validity is decreased because there will is a more likley of a third varibale problem.

PSYC 2700 - SOCIAL PSYC (2 decks)

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