LEC 2 - methodology Flashcards
what is hindsight bias
when we suspect an answer before hand of knowing the answer because in retrospect it may be obvious but future findings may be shocking/not expected
what is an example of hindsight bias
If you give a reward to a child for doing something they already like they will either a)like the activity more
b) the same
c) less
what is theory
a set of principals to explain a phenomena through observation
what is a hypothesis
a testable statement/idea about a relationship between two or more variables
what is the idea of diffusion of responsibility
the theory from latne and darley that the more people witnessing a emergency situation, the more likely nobody will do anything about it/try to intervene
what is operational definition
the spesification of how variables are measured and manipulated
“what is the nature of phenomena” is an example of what type of research
observational design
“what is the relation between x and z” is an example of
correlational design
“is variable x the cause for variable z” is an example of
experimental design
what is the observational method
when a researcher systematically records measurement of behaviour by observing
why would we use a obsersvational method
if we want to describe a specific group of people or specific behaviour without any biases.
what is Ethnography
understanding a group or culture by observing in the inside of that group or culture by imposing as them without saying so.
what is an example of ethnography that doesn’t involve culture
if a class of students have a group chat a teacher or TA may act like a student in order to hear if any comments about the teacher of class students agree with.
give an example as to why we give operational definitions
bullying can mean different things towards two people, one person may look as bullying as something harmful as violence physically, another person may view bullying as something considered bullying if it happens more than once. while those two seperate people read and article about bullying, it can change its study because there was no clear statement of what bullying means in its research.
what is archival analysis
a observational design when a researcher observes a group/culture through documents like newspaper, diaries, notes, magazines, articles and advertisments, music lyrics, etc.
why is the method archival analysis powerful
it provides the unique values and interest of the culture/group were observing
what is an example of how archival analysis has proved for thier method to be powerful
In advertisment men and women are view differently.
women may be viewed as sensual, beauty, simplicity even
while men are viewed as masculine smart beings. (this itself can change among different people)
and because of this they give society a view of what they themsleves potray women and men therefore tell us about a group
what is the correlational method
researchers measure two or more variables and asses the relationship between them
how could we measure if peoples level of compassion relates to the amount of money they donate to charity
by using a correlational method
what is a correlation coefficent
the stat that assesses how well you can predict one variable on another by the range of -1 and +1
specifically the relation between variables a and b through strength and direction
if we have a correlation of -.56 what does this tell us
that a relationship between two variables is negativley related to one another, one variable increases while the other decreases
what happens when two variables of a correlation of 0
then there is no correlation at all
why would we use a survey in a correlational method
a convienent faster way through doing them on the phone, in person or online.
what are the two types of empirical research and what makes them so different
basic and applied are the two types and their difference follow within what the research is based on, one is completely science while the other are based on real-world problems
