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Micro - Immunology > Lec 2 cells of the immune system > Flashcards

Lec 2 cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells of the immune system also known as?

A
  • lymphoid cells

- Mostly white blood cells (leucocytes) that serve as defenders against infection and other diseases.

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2
Q

How do immune systems move?

A

Move around the body via the lymphatic and blood circulation systems.

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3
Q

How are leucocytes found around the body?

A

can be found as:

  • individual cells throughout the body
  • aaccumulates within lymphoid organs(e.g.spleen,LN)
  • at sites of infection or inflammation.
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4
Q

Where do all blood borne cells arise from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

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5
Q

What are the 2 major lineages of immune cells?

A

Myeloid lineage(ML) and lymphoid lineage(LL).

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6
Q

What do the 2 major lineages of immune cells differentiate into?

A

erythrocytes, thrombocytes,basophils,

neutrophils,eosinophils,mast cells, monocytes/macrophages and some dendritic cells.

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7
Q

What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?

A

1-Based on morphology into:
Granulocytes: multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules.
Agranular cells: single unlobed nucleus and cytoplasm with few or no granules.
2-Based on type of the immune system and type of immunity into:
Cells of innate immune system or innate immunity
Cells of adaptive immune system or adaptive immunity.

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8
Q

What are the cells of the innate immunity groups?

A

(in)Nate & MyLo

Myeloid and lymphoid cells

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9
Q

What are the myeloid cells?

A

My(eloid) DMM from BEN

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
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10
Q

What are the lymphoid cells?

A

DeNa’s Lymph

Natural killer cells (NK)
Dendritic cells

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11
Q

What are the cells of adaptive immunity and what is their lineage?

A

Nature’s Den has TB

T-lymphocytes and subsets
B-lymphocytes
NK cells (Natural Killer cells)
Dendritic cells

All are via lymphoid lineage

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of immune cells?

A 
All in the PLMM of your hand!
Leukocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages 
Mast cells
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13
Q

What do leukocytes differentiate into?

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
white blood cells which differentiate into:
-neutrophils
-basophils
-eosinophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
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14
Q

What are the functions of plasma cells?

A

Make and secrete antibodies

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15
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Engulf invading particles

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16
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A

Trigger inflammatory response

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17
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

Luke Never Lets Monkeys Eat Bananas

  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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18
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

DeNa’s Lymph Cord Below Her Neck

Dendritic 
B cells 
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
NK cells
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19
Q

What are PMN granulocytes?

A 
BEN's granny is polymorphonuclear!
(Polymorphonuclear granulocytes):
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
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20
Q

Origin of PMN granulocytes

A

pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow

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21
Q

Maturation of PMN granulocytes

A

in bone marrow

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22
Q

Life span of PMN granulocytes

A

Short-lived cells(2-3 days)

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23
Q

Percentage of neutrophils in the body?

A

60%-70% of peripheral blood leucocytes(4000-10000 per cubic mm of blood.

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24
Q

How many lobes do neutrophils have? Describe the granules

A
  • Multilobed nucleus(2-5)

- cytoplasmic granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.

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25
Q

Half life of neutrophils?

A

7 hours

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26
Q

Function of neutrophils?

A
  1. phagocytosis

2. Important surface structures: MHCI, MHCII, receptors for C3b and Fc of IgG.

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27
Q

How many basophils in the body?

A

Low in number ,less than 0.2%of leucocytes, largest type of granulocytes.

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28
Q

How many lobes in basophil?

A

Bilobed nucleus

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29
Q

Granules of basophils?

A

cytoplasmic granules that stain with basic dyes giving blue color.

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30
Q

Surface structures of basophils?

A

MHCI, receptor for Fc fragment of IgE.

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31
Q

Function of basophils?

A

Non phagocytic. Involved in inflammation and allergic reactions .

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32
Q

Amount of eosinophils in the body (percentage)

A

1-2% of peripheral leucocytes

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33
Q

Lobes of eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules that stain with acidic dye giving red color

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34
Q

important surface structures of eosinophils

A

MHCI,receptor for Fc fragment of IgE

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35
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

nvolved in protection against parasitic helminth(worm) infection and allergic reactions

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36
Q

origin of mast cells?

A

stem cell in bone marrow

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37
Q

Maturation of mast cells?

A

tissues

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38
Q

Nuclei of mast cells?

A

Mononuclear

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39
Q

Granules of mast cells

A

cytoplasmic

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40
Q

Types of mast cells

A

1-Connective tissue mast cells

2-Mucosal mast cells(in mucus membranes lining the gut and lungs)

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41
Q

Important surface structures of mast cells?

A

MHC I, receptors for Fc fragment of IgE.

42
Q

Function of mast cells?

A

mediates allergic reactions

43
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

professional antigen presenting cells (APC) 2- phagocytosis.

44
Q

Origin of dendritic cells

A

stem cell in bone marrow (both myeloid and lymphoid lineages)

45
Q

Maturation of dendritic cells

A

bone marrow

46
Q

Cytoplasms of dendritic cells

A

Have branch-like cytoplasmic projections.

47
Q

Important surface structures of dendritic cells

A

MHC I, MHC II

48
Q

Origin of monocytes?

A

stem cells in bone marrow via myeloid lineage

49
Q

maturation of monocytes?

A

bone marrow.

50
Q

amount of monocytes?

A

5-7% of peripheral leucocytes

51
Q

nucleus of monocytes?

A

Large WBC, mononuclear kidney-shaped nucleus.

52
Q

half life of monocytes?

A

short - 8 hrs

53
Q

fate of monocytes?

A

Migrate to tissues and differentiate into bigger macrophages with long half-life.

54
Q

surface structures of monocytes?

A

MHC I, MHC II

55
Q

function of monocytes?

A

APC and phagocytosis

56
Q

Important surface structures of macrophages?

A

MHC I, MHC II, receptor for Fc fragment of IgG and receptor for C3b

57
Q

functions of macrophages?

A

APC, ADCC, synthesis of Complement proteins.

Two types

58
Q

Types of macrophages?

A 
1-Free floating macrophages that serve as scavengers to remove cellular debris and kill microbial invaders.
2- Fixed macrophages: 
 alveolar in lungs
peritoneal floating in peritoneal fluid
microglial in CNS
 splenic in spleen
 Kupffer cells in liver
 mesangial in kidney
59
Q

What are the classes of innate immune cells?

A
  • Monocyte/Macrophage
  • Dendritic cell
  • Polymorphonuclear granulocyte
  • Mast cells
60
Q

Amount of lymphocytes in the body ?

A

Smallest WBC,20- 25% of WBC count

61
Q

Lobes of lymphocytes?

A

Big unlobed nucleus with rim of cytoplasm.

62
Q

Types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

63
Q

Origin of lymphocytes?

A

stem cell in bone marrow via lymphoid lineage.

64
Q

Maturation of lymphocytes?

A

B in bone marrow except

T lymphocytes in thymus.

65
Q

Location of lymphocytes?

A

Found in blood circulation and lymphoid tissues.

66
Q

What are the surface structures of T-lymphocytes?

A

TCR (T cell antigen receptor) , CD3, CD4 or CD8, MHC I

67
Q

What are the functional subsets of T-lymphocytes?

A

CD4 and CD8

68
Q

What is the function of CD-4 cells?

A
  • Display CD4 molecules on surface that bind to MHC II.
  • helps other cells e.g. Help in activating B cells to produce antibodies.
  • Constitute 65% of peripheral T cells.
69
Q

Where are CD4 cells located and what is their function?

A

-Predominant in the thymus medulla, tonsils and blood.

70
Q

Amount of CD8 lymphocytes in the body?

A

35% of peripheral mature cells and two third of all mature T cells.

71
Q

Where are CD8 predominant?

A

bone marrow and GALT.

72
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A
  • Display CD8 molecules on surface, that recognize and bind to MHC I
  • They are killing cells responsible for destruction of host cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens.
73
Q

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

A
  • Display CD8 molecules,

- Suppress the immune response

74
Q

Percent of B lymphocytes in the body?

A

-30% of circulating lymphocytes

75
Q

life span B lymphocytes?

A

Short life span (days or weeks)

76
Q

surface structures of B lymphocytes?

A

MHC I, MHC II, IgM and IgD as antigen receptors called BCR), receptors for Fc fragment of IgG and C3d.

77
Q

Fate of B lymphocytes after activation?

A
  • Upon activation they differentiate into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins
  • B cells and plasma cells are the only cells that synthesize immunoglobulins.
78
Q

Location of B lymphocytes?

A

Found in the blood, germinal center of lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen and in the GALT.

79
Q

Function of B lymphocytes?

A

synthesis of immunoglobulins and antigen presenting cells(APC)

80
Q

Amount of Natural Killer cells in the body?

A

5-10% of peripheral lymphocytes.

81
Q

nucleus of NK cells?

A

Big nucleus

82
Q

Granules of NK cells?

A

cytoplasm granules.

83
Q

Surface structures of NK cells?

A
  • MHC I
  • KAR(killer activating receptor)
  • KIR(killer inhibiting receptor)
  • receptor for Fc fragment of IgG.
84
Q

Functions of NK cells?

A
  • Function mainly in innate immunity but interacts also in adaptive immunity by performing ADCC.
  • Kills host virus-infected cells, tumor cells and graft cells.
85
Q

Derivation of plasma cells?

A

Derived from terminally differentiated B cells in SLT such as spleen and lymph nodes

86
Q

Where do plasma cells reside after derivation?

A

tend to home primarily to the bone marrow where they may persist for months or even years.

87
Q

Function of plasma cells?

A

Both synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins into the fluids around the cells.

88
Q

Location of plasma cells?

A

The spleen contains large number of plasma cells in the white pulp secreting immunoglobulins in the circulation

89
Q

Nucleus of plasma cells?

A

star-like nucleus

90
Q

Cytoplasm of plasma cells?

A

basophilic

91
Q

Amount of platelets/thrombocytes in body?

A

150000-400000per cubic mm of blood.

92
Q

Size of platelets

A

Smallest blood cells, plate-like spherical or oval discoid .

93
Q

Nucleus of platelets?

A

Anuclear

94
Q

Granules of platelets?

A

cytoplasm contain granules

95
Q

Life span of platelets?

A

average 10 days.

96
Q

Function of platelets?

A
  • role in clot formation, clot retraction and wound healing, repair of injured blood vessels and defense mechanism
  • Because of property of agglutination platelets are capable of phagocytosis mainly of carbon particles, viruses and immune complexes.
97
Q

Fate of platelets?

A

destroyed by tissue macrophages system in spleen.

98
Q

Discuss the process of maturation of lymphocytes

A

1- proliferation of immature cells (cytokine IL7)
2- expression of antigen receptors
3- selection of lymphocytes that express useful antigen receptors

99
Q

How do T-cells mature?

A

**read over this!!

100
Q

How do B-cells develop?

A
  • Takes place in bone marrow
  • Number of developmental stages
  • Mature B-lymphocytes bear IgM and IgD as antigen receptors on their surface
  • Other surface structures include MHC I ,MHC II, receptors for Complement C3 and Fc of IgG.
  • Immature B cells that express high affinity receptors to self antigens, that they encounter in the bone marrow, die or fail to mature (negative selection or clonal deletion)
  • B-cells are not MHC restricted

Micro - Immunology (6 decks)

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