Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHAR 300 > Lec. 19 - Vitamins > Flashcards

Lec. 19 - Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 subcategories of vitamins?

What’s a distinguishing factor of the 2 groups?

A

Fat-soluble and water-soluble

Fat-soluble can be stored in body fat, whereas a continuous intake of water-soluble is necessary (due to their excretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some consequences of vitamin deficiencies (7)

A 
A -> night blindness
B1 -> Beriberi
B3 -> Pellagra
B12 & B9 (folic acid) -> Megaloblastic anemia 
C -> Scurvy
D -> Rickets and osteomalacia
K -> hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 2 sources of Vitamin A?

A
  • Animal sources

- Beta-carotene (orange pigment; precursor to vitamin A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name functions of vitamin A (3)?

A
  • Retina/vision maintenance
  • Teeth, skeletal, soft tissue development
  • Growth and health of skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe process of light transduction in rod (4)

A
  1. Rods contain disks which contain rhodopsin (retinal + opsin)
  2. Light hits rhodopsin, retinal changes from cis -> trans
  3. Trans retinal is straighter, detaches from opsin, activating Galpha activation
  4. Galpha closes sodium channels, cell hyperpolarizes -> no more tonic inhibition of bipolar cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe some aspects of vitamin A deficiency (5)

A
  • Night blindness
  • Dry and scaly skin (hyperkeratinisation)
  • Abnormal epithelial cell function
  • Infertility (inadequate secretion from mucosal surfaces)
  • Impaired immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens in children with vitamin A deficiencies?

A

Severe vit. A deficiency can lead to blindness (hyperkeratinization in the eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is 1 solution to global vitamin A deficiency?

A

Golden rice (GMO rice with carotene added)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is vitamin D

A

A prohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name sources of vitamin D (3)

A
  • Food sources
  • Fortified cereals
  • Sun
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is vitamin D vital for

A

Absorption of calcium, so healthy development of bones and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does light produce vitamin D?

A

UV reacts with enzyme in skin, making vitamin D precursor

Liver (hydroxyVitD) and kidney (dihydroxyVitD) convert precursor to vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the 2 biologically active metabolites of vitamin D

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D,

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What CYP family is important for vitamin D synthesis

A

P450s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how vitamin D affects gene transcription

A
  1. vitamin D binds vitamin D receptor
  2. Vit D + receptor translocate to nucleus
  3. Receptor heterodimerizes with RxR (retinoid X receptor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What occurs in vitamin D deficiency (2)?

A

In children causes rickets, causing permanently bowed legs, and disrupted bones and joints

Higher susceptibility to osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How were rickets cases dramatically reduced in Quebec?

A

Dr. Scriver proposed fortifying milk with Vitamin D, Steinberg (owner of Metro grocery store) mandated this to come in effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the classical vitamin D functions (3)

A

Calcium uptake
PTH downregulation
Osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name non-classical vitamin D functions (4)

A
  • Anti-hypertensive (blood pressure)
  • Anti-bacterial
  • Anti-cancer properties
  • Anti-inflammatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name sources for vitamin E

A

nuts/greens/oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vitamin E is a family of what sort of compounds?

What functions does it have?

A

Tocopherols, which are anti-oxidants/free radical scavengers

  • Anti-oxidant
  • Cardio health
  • CNS function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 3 Vitamin E deficiency risks

A

-Hemolytic anemia:
red blood cells lysing, so not enough red blood cells present

  • Cardiovascular damage
  • CNS damage
23
Q

What is a risk of Vitamin E overdose

A

Prostate cancer

24
Q

Link between vitamin E and vaping?

A

Heating flavourants in vaping causes many compounds to be broken down, Vitamin E acetate one such metabolite contributing to lung disease

25
Q

Name sources for vitamin K

A

plants/greens

Intestinal bacteria can synthesize some as well

26
Q

What is vitamin K necessary for

A

Synthesis of thrombins (coagulation of blood)

27
Q

What drug can interfere with vitamin K synthesis?

What are 2 of its uses

A

Warfarin.

Anticoagulant

Also a rat poison

28
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

And water-soluble vitamins (with names)?

A

Fat-soluble:
D, E, A, K

Water-soluble:
C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12

B1 -> thiamine
B2 -> riboflavin
B3 -> niacin
B5 -> pantothenic acide
B6
B7 -> biotin
B9 -> folic acid/folate
B12
29
Q

Where can vitamin C be found?

A

Fruits and vegetables (ex. citrus, broccoli, etc.)

30
Q

Name some functions of vitamin C (4)

A
  • Promotes healthy immune system
  • Enzyme activity (Electron donor in enzymatic reactions)
  • Synthesis of collagen (connective tissue)
  • Anti-oxidant
31
Q

Describe vitamin C deficiency

A

Causes scurvy (easy bruising, anemia, gum bleeding, loss of teeth)

Jacques Cartier shown pine needle tea treatment

British physician 1700s discovered citrus could prevent scurvy

32
Q

What is vit. B1 called?

A

Thiamine

33
Q

What are sources for thiamine (B1) (4)

A
  • Animal sources

- Fortified breads & cereals

34
Q

Name 3 thiamine (B1) functions

A
  • Metabolism (convert food to energy)
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Nervous systems
35
Q

Describe thiamine (B1) deficiency

A

Beriberi ->
Problems with cardiovascular, nervous system (encephalopathy) and metabolism

1880, Japanese physician solved beriberi in Japanese navy by adding milk and wheat to diet

36
Q

What is vit. B2 called?

A

Riboflavin

37
Q

What are sources for riboflavin (B2) (3)

A
  • Cereals
  • Animal sources
  • veggies
38
Q

Name 2 riboflavin (B2) functions

A
  • Promote healthy growth

- Promote tissue repair

39
Q

What is vit. B3 called?

A

Niacin

40
Q

What are sources for niacin (B3)

A

-Animal products

41
Q

Name a niacin (B3) functions

A 
-Energy from metabolism
ex.
          -Oxidative phosphorylation
          -Electron transfer
          -P450 cofactor
42
Q

Describe niacin (B3) deficiency

A 
Pellagra ->
Sores all over
Swollen tongue
CNS deficiencies
3Ds -> diarrhea, dementia, Dermatitis

1900s Southern American physician started adding niacin to flour to prevent pellagra in schoolchildren

43
Q

What is vit. B5?

A

Pantothenic acid.

Found in plenty of foods, deficiency is very rare

44
Q

What are 3 sources for vit. B6?

A
  • fish
  • meats
  • weats
45
Q

Name 3 B6 functions

A
  • Support cardiovascular system
  • Support CNS
  • Support immune system
46
Q

What is vit. B9 called?

A

Folate/folic acid

47
Q

What are the sources for folate/folic acid (vit. B9)?

A
  • Leafy (foliage -> folate)

- Fortified grains/flour

48
Q

Name 2 folate/folic acid (B9) functions

A
  • DNA synthesis (several stages)

- Red blood cell production

49
Q

Describe folate/folic acid (B9) deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia:
Large, immature and non-functional red blood cells

Spinal abnormalities in fetus

50
Q

What are the sources for vitamin B12?

A

only animal products

51
Q

Name 2 vitamin B12 functions

A
  • CNS functioning (myelin formation)

- Red blood cell formation

52
Q

How does vitamin B12 enter circulation? (4)

A
  1. Enters stomach (protein bound)
  2. HCL in stomach causes dissociation
  3. B12 binds intrinsic factor
  4. Absorbed in ileum
  5. In epithelial cells of the intestine, dissociates from IF
53
Q

Describe vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Can be caused by insufficient B12 intake OR insufficient intrinsic factor production

Can cause:
-Megaloblastic anemia:
Large, immature and non-functional red blood cells

-neuropathy

PHAR 300 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions