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ANAT1002 > LEC 17 Olfaction vision and hearing part 1 > Flashcards

LEC 17 Olfaction vision and hearing part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the origin of olfactory nerve fibers.

A

They originate from the nasal olfactory epithelium.

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2
Q

How do olfactory nerve fibers reach the olfactory bulb and where do they synapse?

A

They project through the cribriform plate and synapse in the olfactory bulb.

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3
Q

Where do second-order neurons from the olfactory bulb project, and what are these areas’ functions?

A

Second order neurons project to the primary olfactory cortex and limbic areas, involved in emotions and memories.

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4
Q

Explain the purpose of the connection between olfactory bulbs and piriform cortices.

A

Connected via the anterior commissure for left-right odor navigation.

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5
Q

Define the functions of the eyelids and eyelashes.

A

They protect the eye, keep it lubricated, and remove dust.

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6
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus and its four main parts?

A

It produces tears and includes the lacrimal gland, puncta & canaliculi, sac, and nasolacrimal duct.

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7
Q

Describe the functions of tears.

A

Tears remove dust, lubricate, prevent infection, and nourish the conjunctiva.

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8
Q

Identify the muscles controlling eyelid movement.

A

Orbicularis oculi closes the eyelid; levator palpebrae superioris opens it.

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9
Q

Define the conjunctiva and its parts.

A

The conjunctiva covers the inner eyelid (palpebral) and outer eye (bulbar), joined at the fornix.

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10
Q

Describe the iris and its muscle composition.

A

The iris is pigmented tissue with dilator and sphincter muscles for pupil control.

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11
Q

How does the ciliary body relate to the lens?

A

The ciliary body controls the shape of the lens for focusing.

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12
Q

Describe the role of ciliary muscles in vision.

A

Ciliary muscles adjust the lens shape to focus on objects at various distances.

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13
Q

Define the choroid and its location.

A

The choroid is a vascular layer located between the sclera and retina.

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14
Q

List the six extrinsic eye muscles and their cranial nerve innervations.

A

The six extrinsic eye muscles are superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique, each innervated by specific cranial nerves.

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15
Q

Explain the function of the inferior rectus muscle.

A

The inferior rectus muscle depresses the eye and is innervated by cranial nerve III (CN3).

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16
Q

Define the lateral rectus muscle’s function.

A

The lateral rectus muscle abducts the eye, moving it laterally, and is innervated by cranial nerve VI (CN6).

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17
Q

How does the conjunctiva contribute to eye health?

A

The conjunctiva protects the eye and keeps it moist.

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18
Q

How do cone cells contribute to bright light vision?

A

Cone cells enable color vision and high acuity by connecting to fewer bipolar cells.

19
Q

Explain sensitivity and acuity differences between rod and cone cells.

A

Rods enhance sensitivity but lower acuity, while cones provide high acuity.

20
Q

What is the fovea’s significance in cone cell density?

A

The fovea has the highest cone density, maximizing visual resolution.

21
Q

How do horizontal and amacrine cells contribute to vision?

A

Horizontal cells enhance contrast, while amacrine cells regulate sensitivity.

22
Q

Describe the pathway of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons.

A

RGC axons run along the retina, exiting at the optic disk to form the optic nerve.

23
Q

How is light focused onto the retina?

A

The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina for conversion to electrical signals.

24
Q

Explain the orientation of the visual image in the retina.

A

It is inverted and reversed compared to the external view.

25
Q

Describe visual processing in the retina.

A

The left visual field is processed in the right hemisphere, and vice versa.

26
Q

Define the nasal and temporal hemiretinae and their projections.

A

Nasal hemiretina projects contralaterally; temporal hemiretina projects ipsilaterally.

27
Q

How do retinal ganglion cells contribute to vision?

A

They send visual information to the brain via the optic nerve.

28
Q

Describe the visual pathway’s organization and its impact.

A

It’s organized by color, shape, and motion, influencing perception.

29
Q

How is V1 organized in relation to visual fields?

A

It is retinotopically organized, with each field represented contralaterally and inverted.

30
Q

Explain the mapping of the visual field onto the calcarine sulcus.

A

The superior visual field maps to the inferior bank, and vice versa.

31
Q

What is the optic nerve’s function?

A

It transmits visual information from retinal ganglion cells to the brain.

32
Q

How are visual fields divided for each eye?

A

Into monocular and binocular zones, with central overlap enabling binocular vision.

33
Q

Where is the fovea located in V1?

A

At the occipital pole, with peripheral areas represented more rostrally.

34
Q

Do retinal ganglion cells have a specific role in vision?

A

Yes, they transmit visual data from the retina to the brain.

35
Q

How does V1’s organization affect visual processing?

A

Retinotopic mapping allows precise processing of visual information.

36
Q

How is sensory information relayed to the cortex for visual input?

A

Through the thalamus, specifically the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).

37
Q

Define ocular dominance columns’ role in visual processing.

A

They separate inputs from each eye, integrating them in V1.

38
Q

What does the superior colliculus do in visual processing?

A

It orients eyes and head toward visual stimuli for quick responses.

39
Q

How is the superior colliculus organized for sensory processing?

A

Dorsal layers process vision; ventral layers process other sensory inputs.

40
Q

Describe sensory input integration in the superior colliculus.

A

Stacked cell clusters align sensory responses from the same spatial location.

41
Q

What happens to RGC axons at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal hemiretina axons cross; temporal hemiretina axons stay ipsilateral.

42
Q

What role does the LGN play in visual processing?

A

It relays visual data to V1 for interpretation.

43
Q

Describe the relationship between the visual field and V1’s organization.

A

The field is contralaterally and invertedly mapped in V1.

ANAT1002 (12 decks)

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