Lec 16/17: Emotion and Stress Flashcards
Explain Darwin’s Theory of Emotion
- 1872, Darwin wrote The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals
- autonomic responses are an intrinsic part of the emotional experience
- peripheral, skeletomotor and autonomic aspects of emotion serve important functions in communication with others and in preparation for behavioural responses
list the 5 theories of emotion
1) James-Lange Theory
2) Cannon-Bard Theory
3) Schachter-Singer Theory
4) Opponent Process Theory
5) Cognitive-Appraisal Theory
Explain the preposition of the James-Bard Theory
James asked: do we run from a bear because we are afraid, or are we afraid because we run???
- he said that we are afraid because we run
**physiological activity PRECEDED emotional experience
William James Theory of Emotion
- autonomic responses are reflex reactions that occur quickly, commencing and sometimes finishing before conscious perception of emotion occurs
- emotional experience is the perception that arises from autonomic chages
** emotional experience follows and reflects autonomic reactivity
(we are NOT afraid because we run)
Walter Cannon disagreed with William James for 3 main reasons
1) many emotional situations produced by the same kind of bodily emotional response (e.g. scared for a bear, nervous for test)
2) already feel emotion before stress response
3) emotion does not depend on cerebral cortex because you can elicit ‘sham rage’
what is sham rage?
damage/cut off the cortex + slight stimulation
- sham rage response is highly similar to the normal expression of rage except it was not directed toward the provoking stimulus
explain Cannon-Bard Lesion experiments
- serial transections disconnecting cerebral cortex from outflow pathways in cats
- when transection included the forebrain, range of behaviours constitutive of rage was observed when car presented innocuous stimuli
- include forebrain= sham rage
list some behaviours of sham rage
- arching of back
- extension of claws
- hissing
- spitting
- pupil dilation
- inc BP, HR and adrenal secretion
why was it called sham rage?
animals retained emotional responses
but responses lacked aspects of emotional behaviour that was normally observed during rage
- subsided rapidly upon stimulus removal and was undirected
what happened when Bard performed progressive transections??
- when posterior hypothalamus disconnected= no coordinated sham rage was observed
- need functions of posterior hypothalamus for sham rage to occur
what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body’s arousal take place simultaneously
What did Charles Herrick argue?
medial surface of brain that includes cingulate gyrus (cortex), hippocampal gyrus, hippocampal formation, mammillary bodies and hypothalamus = evolutionary conserved across vertebrates
what is Pierre Broca do??
named area that Herrick found as ‘Le Grande Lobe Limbic’
what is Papez propose?
evolutionary conserved limbic love maybe involved in basic emotional function, because all organisms share basic emotions
- direct connections were inferred, not proven
Kluver-Bucy observations
- evidence linking amygdala and related temporal lobe structures to emotion
- removed entire temporal lobes, including amygdala and hippocampus, bilaterally in monkeys
observed dramatic change in emotional behaviour
- hyper sexual
- hyper oral tendencies
- change in dietary habits
- psychic blindness (blunted emotions to threat)
** amygdala= mediate emotional effects
