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STRUCTURES - WEEK 2 > LEC 15: Embryology IV - 08.27.14 > Flashcards

LEC 15: Embryology IV - 08.27.14 Flashcards

1
Q

notochordal process

A

mesenchymal cells from primitive node migrate cranially in the midline to form notochordal process

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2
Q

How does the notochordal process grow

A

notochordal process grows cranially between endoderm and ectoderm until it reaches the prechordal plate

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3
Q

Characteristics of the notochord

A
  • primary inductor of the embryo
  • defines cranial-caudal axis
  • formation of vertebral column
  • induces overlying ectoderm to form neural plate
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4
Q

What induces the neural plate

A

neural plate is induces by underlying notochord

  • thickened embryonic ectoderm
  • neurectoderm gives rise to CNS
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5
Q

neurulation

A

formation of the neural tube (induced by underlying notochord)

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6
Q

How does the neural tube form

A
  • neural groove (day 18) and neural folds fuse to form a neural tube
  • fusion begins cranially
  • neural tube pinches off from surface ectoderm
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7
Q

When does the neural tube close

A
  • anterior neuropore (day 24-25)
  • posterior neuropore (day 27)
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8
Q

Fate of the neural tube (forebrain)

A

cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

Fate of the neural tube (embryonic midbrain)

A

Adult midbrain

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10
Q

Fate of the neural tube (hindbrain)

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
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11
Q

Fate of the neural tube (not forebrain, midbrain, or hindbrain)

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A
  • neuroectodermal cells at the crest of each neural fold detach as the neural tube separates from the surface ectoderm
  • neural crest cells migrate to each side of the neural tube
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13
Q

What derives from neural crest cells

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • ganglia of autonomic nervous system
  • cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, X)
  • peripheral nerve sheaths
  • melanocytes
  • adrenal medulla
  • facial muscles and bones
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14
Q

embryonic mesoderm

A
  • mesenchyme from primitive streak and notochordal process migrates laterally and cranially
    • becomes continous with the extraembryonic (splanchnic) mesoderm
  • eventually becomes embryonic (somatic) mesoderm
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15
Q

What does embryonic (somatic) mesoderm derive from

A

extraembryonic (splanchnic) mesoderm

  • mesenchyme from primitive streak and notochordal process migrates laterally and cranially
  • becomes continuous with extraembryonic (splanchnic) mesoderm
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16
Q

Where does cardiogenic mesoderm derive from

A

Cardiogenic mesoderm derives from embryonic mesoderm

17
Q

embryonic mesoderm separates ectoderm and endoderm everywhere except

A
  1. oropharyngeal membrane (prechordal plate) - mouth
  2. cloacal membrane - anus
18
Q

Somites

A

embryonic mesoderm on both sides of the notochord proliferates to form a longitudinal column of paraxial mesoderm

  • paraxial mesoderm divides into paired blocks of mesoderm (somites)
  • somites appear first cranially (end of week 3)
  • 42-44 pairs of somites by end of week 5
19
Q

How many pairs of somites are eventually formed, and where are they formed initially

A
  • somites initially appear cranially at end of week 3
  • 42-44 pairs of somites by end of week 5
20
Q

Somites give rise to…

A
  • axial skeleton (vertebral column, sternum, skull, ribs)
  • skeletal muscles
  • dermis
21
Q

formation of embryonic body cavity

A
  • coelomic spaces form in lateral mesoderm and cardiogenic mesoderm
  • spaces coalesce into horseshoe-shaped intraembryonic coelom (body cavity)
22
Q

What does the embryonic coelom become

A
  1. pericardial cavity (heart)
  2. pleural cavity (lungs)
  3. peritoneal cavity (abdominal organs)
23
Q

fetal circulation (angiogenesis)

A
  • begins at start of week 3
  • begins in:
    • extraembryonic mesoderm
    • yolk sac
    • connecting stalk
    • chorion
  • primordial uteroplacental circulation begins in week 3
24
Q

angioblasts

A
  • mesenchymal cells in yolk sac (angioblasts)
  • angioblasts aggregate to form blood islands
25
Q

Describe the formation of blood vessels from blood islands formed by angioblasts

A
  • small cavities appear within blood islands
  • angioblasts flatten to form endothelium of blood vessels
  • endothelial-lined cavities fuse to form vessels
26
Q

hemocytoblasts

A

blood cells initially formed from endothelial cells of angioblasts

27
Q

What do heart and great vessels form from

A

heart and great vessels mesenchyme in cardiogenic area

28
Q

Heart tube

A
  • paired endocardial tubes form during week 3
  • endocardial tubes fuse to form heart tube
  • heart tube joins with vessels to form primitive cardiovascular system
  • heart begins to beat by end of week 3
29
Q

allantois

A

out-pouching of yolk sac into connecting stalk; associated with the development of the urinary bladder

30
Q

neural tube defects

A

result from failure of closure of neural tube

  • spina bifida (caudal neural tube doesn’t close)
  • anencephaly (cranial neural tube doesn’t close)

STRUCTURES - WEEK 2 (10 decks)

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