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CHM129 > LEC 13-14 > Flashcards

LEC 13-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selective (semipermeable) barrier from high concentration to low concentration

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2
Q

Selective (semi permeable) barrier

A

Allows water molecules to pass through, but not most of the molecules dissolved in water

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3
Q

What is an example of a selective barrier?

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

Solutes

A

Molecules dissolved in water

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5
Q

How is the concentration of water determined?

A

By the concentration of solutes (dissolved) in water

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6
Q

Solute Potential

A

A measure of the concentration of solutes dissolved in water

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7
Q

What is the solute potential of pure water?

A

0 (pure water has no solutes)

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8
Q

What is the highest value of solute potential?

A

0

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9
Q

When is the water concentration the highest?

A

When solute potential is equal to zero

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10
Q

How does adding solutes affect solute potential and water concentration?

A

Lowers solute potential and water concentration

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11
Q

What does the water follow?

A

Water follows the solute

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12
Q

What is relationship between solute potential and water concentration?

A

Directly related; As solute potential increases so does water concentration

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13
Q

What is the relationship between solute potential and solute concentration?

A

Indirectly related; As solute potential increases, solute concentration decreases

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14
Q

What is the relationship between solute concentration and water concentration?

A

Indirectly related; As solute concentration increases, water concentration decreases

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15
Q

How does water move?

A

Water moves from areas of higher solute potential to areas of lower solute potential

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16
Q

Why is it important that plasma membranes are semi permeable membranes?

A

Cells depend on the regulated diffusion of water molecules across the plasma membrane to stay alive

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17
Q

Isotonic

A

If solute potential is equal inside and outside the cell (water is entering and leaving the cell in equal amounts)

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

If solute potential is higher outside the cell than inside

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19
Q

What are the consequences of a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse into the cell causing it to swell and possible burst

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

If solute potential is higher inside the cell than outside

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21
Q

What are the consequences of a hypertonic solution?

A

Water diffuses outside out of cell causing it to shrink and cell could dehydrate and die

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22
Q

Brain Capillaries

A

Fine blood vessels that feed brain tissues

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23
Q

Capillary Wall Cells (CWCs)

A

Form walls of tube

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24
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A

Physical connections between capillary wall cells

25
Q

Can the molecules pass between the CWCs through the intercellular junctions?

A

No, molecules must pass through the plasma membrane of CWCs

26
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

The strict control of what molecules can enter the brain and what cannot

27
Q

Why does the blood brain barrier cause trouble for doctors?

A

For certain diseases, doctors need to introduce medicines into the brain but the blood brain barrier keeps most medicine from entering the brain

28
Q

How do you breach the blood brain barrier?

A

Inject a solute into the blood, causing water concentration to be higher inside CWCs than blood –> water diffuses out of CWCs into blood –> CWCs shrink slightly and create wide openings between cells

29
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

30
Q

What are the two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and potential energy

31
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion

32
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy

33
Q

What are some forms of kinetic energy?

A

Heat, light, mechanical (wind, water)

34
Q

What are some forms of potential energy?

A

Concentration gradients and chemical bonds

35
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Branch of chemistry that deals with energy transformation (changes)

36
Q

What are the two laws of thermodyanmics?

A

First Law of thermodynamics and Second Law of thermodynamics

37
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Conservation law: energy cannot be destroyed or created, they only changed from one form to another

38
Q

What is true about the total amount of energy in the universe?

A

It remains constant because the universe is a closed system: nothing can get out of the universe and nothing can get in

39
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

No energy transfer is 100% efficient – some energy is always lost (usually to heat) and becomes unusable energy

40
Q

Entrophy

A

Unusable energy

41
Q

Free Energy

A

Usable energy

42
Q

What is true about entrophy in the universe?

A

Continuously increasing

43
Q

What is true about free energy in the universe?

A

Continuously decreasing

44
Q

What is free energy known by?

A

The letter “G” for “Gibbs Free Energy”

45
Q

What does G stand for?

A

The energy availabe to do work

46
Q

Free Energy Equation

A

G = H - TS

47
Q

What does H stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

Enthalpy, the total amount of energy contained in a molecule

48
Q

What does TS stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

Amount of disorder in a molecule

49
Q

What does T stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

Absolute temperature (K)

50
Q

What does S stand for in Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

Entrophy, unusable energy

51
Q

What is true about the amount of free energy in products compared to reactants?

A

The products will either have more or less free energy than the reactants

52
Q

What is the reaction called when G < 0?

A

Exergonic reaction (products has less free energy than reactants)

53
Q

What happens in an exergonic reaction?

A

Free energy is released to do work and it “can be spontaneous”; reaction has the potential to occur on its own without extra energy input

54
Q

What is the reaction called when G > 0?

A

Endergonic reaction (products have more free energy than reactants)

55
Q

What happens in an endergonic reaction?

A

Energy is absorbed and it is “never spontaneous”; reaction will not occur without an input of energy

56
Q

Reaction Coupling

A

The free energy released by exergonic reactions can be used to drive endergonic reactions forward

57
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

“Energy currency” of the cell

58
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

Exergonic reaction; reactants (high free energy) include ATP and H20 and products (low free energy) include ADP and other products

CHM129 (3 decks)

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