Lec 10 & 11

Question 1

ways to categorize theories:

Answer 1

consensus & conflict based

Question 2

consensus:

Answer 2

assumes HIGH degree of consensus abt social norms + values, and departures mark deviance

Question 3

conflict:

Answer 3

society is composed of diverse social groups w different definitions of right and wrong

Question 4

theoretical categories:

Answer 4

emphasis on:

• INDIVIDUAL
• STRUCTURE
• PROCESS
• CONFLICT

Question 5

emphasis on individual is

Answer 5

non sociological

Question 6

emphasis on social structure is

Answer 6

sociological

Question 7

emphasis on social process

Answer 7

sociological

Question 8

emphasis on social conflict

Answer 8

sociological

Question 9

early theories of crim believe that

Answer 9

a force of evil made them do it (religion + superstition)

Question 10

main disciplines that inform criminology

Answer 10

PHILOSOPHY (today)
Biology
Anthropology 
Psychology
Law
Sociology

Question 11

context for classical theory:

Answer 11

enlightenment, feudalism -> capitalism, development + role of the state, development of common law + civil law

Question 12

philosophical theory

Answer 12

(classical crim theory) -> FREE WILL and RATIONAL actors

people CHOOSE to commit crime based on a calculation perceived costs and benefits

Question 13

ultarian principle:

Answer 13

greatest happiness for greatest number

Question 14

3 R’s of classical crim:

Answer 14

1. RIGHTS (individual)
2. REASON / RATIONALITY
3. RULE OF LAW

Question 15

solution to crim in classical

Answer 15

deterrence (if costs > benefits) = punishment

Question 16

punishment can deter crime if it is:

Answer 16

• swift
• certain
• proportional to the crime

Question 17

critique of classical theory:

Answer 17

1. general principles did not always serve justice = rational actors
2. equality BEFORE the law makes a world of deep social insecurities

Question 18

solution to crime? (psychological)

Answer 18

treatment +/or incapacitate

if you are NOT able to control your actions, it may reduce your level of responsibility

(assess MENTAL CAPACITY to stand trial)

Question 19

psychological theories policy offers:

Answer 19

• drug treatment courses
• anger management programs
• partner assault response programs

Question 20

sociological theories state

Answer 20

social pathology was responsible for crime NOT biological or psychological pathology!

(social STRUCTURE, PROCESS, + CONFLICT)

Question 21

types of sociological theories: social structure ?

Answer 21

• social ecology: chicago school
• social disorganization
• strain theory

Question 22

social disorganization:

Answer 22

was responsible for crime NOT biological or psychological pathology

Question 23

solution of social disorganization =

Answer 23

reorganize and address disorganized communities

Question 24

strain theories

Answer 24

(CONSENSUS BASED)

social structure and social learning influence the attitudes + behavior of the individual

(examine SOCIAL PATHOLOGY rather than individual pathology)

Question 25

social structure theories:

Answer 25

SOCIAL STRAIN - goals vs. means

Question 26

social strain:

Answer 26

SOME ppl have structural obstacles + not same means to achieve goals

Question 27

Merton’s Anomie:

Answer 27

1. CULTURALLY define + approved societal goals

2. INSTITUTIONALIZED approved social means (social structure) of attaining these goals

Question 28

crime is a symptom between

Answer 28

GOALS and MEANS

Question 29

paradigm of deviant behaviors

Answer 29

• conformity
• innovation
• ritualism
• retreatism
• rebellion

Question 30

social process:

Answer 30

interaction between individuals & society

(all ppl have potential to become delinquents or criminals)

crime is a PROCESS resulting from INTERACTIONS

Question 31

social process theories:

Answer 31

• social learning theories

- labeling theory

Question 32

social learning theory suggests

Answer 32

crime is a fcn if learning process

• definitions FOR crime outweigh definitions AGAINST crime

Question 33

differential association

Answer 33

assumes criminal behavior will occur when definitions for crime outweighs definitions against crime

Question 34

labeling theory (interaction isn’t perspective)

Answer 34

(challenge notion of social consensus

• reality is produced through social construction
• importance of power relations in a given society / who does the labeling?

Question 35

primary deviance:

Answer 35

initial act of deviance

Question 36

secondary deviance:

Answer 36

internalizes (-) label and assume role of deviant

Question 37

2 effects of labeling theory:

Answer 37

2. creation of stigma “ur a delinquent”

1. effect on self image “i am a delinquent”