Lec 1: Renal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Terms
- The discharge of waste from body
- The removal of metabolic waste from bodily fluids
A
- Elimination
- Excretion
2
Q
General functions of the renal system
A
- excretion
- elimination
- homeostatic regulation
- conserves fluids (water), electrolytes, and other metabolites
- regulates acid-base balance
- disposes metabolic waste
3
Q
The two aspects of your acid-base balance
A
- Metabolic aspect is governed by the kidneys
- respiratory aspect is governed by the lungs
4
Q
- When the body fluid becomes too acidic, the kidneys will secrete ___.
- When the body fluid becomes too basic, the kidneys will secrete ___.
A
- Hydrogen ions
- Bicarbonate
5
Q
Erythropoietin is synthesized by the _____ of the _____ in the renal cortex.
A
- endothelial cells
- peritubular capillaries
6
Q
This enzyme is involved in the control of the blood pressure and blood volume
A
(protease) Renin
7
Q
The hydroxylation of vitamin D3 is regulated primarily by _____ which stimulates the activity of ____ and increases the production of vitamin D3
A
- parathyroid hormone
- ‘1 hydroxylase
8
Q
The kidney is located superiorly at the ___ thoracic vertebra and inferiorly with the ___ lumbar vertebra.
A
- 12th thoracic
- 3rd lumbar
9
Q
Arrange the following according to:
1. Anterior
2. Intermediate
3. Posterior
- pelvis of kidney
- renal vein
- renal artery
A
- Renal vein
- Renal artery
- Pelvis of kidney
10
Q
What are the 3 protective layers of the kidney? (Include description)
A
- fibrous capsule
• a layer of collagen fibers - perinephric fat
• a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule - renal fascia
• a dense fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures
11
Q
- The fibrous capsule consists of two distinct layers which are ___.
- What component of one of the layers aids the contractility of the kidney in resisting volume & pressure variations?
A
- a. Outer layer of fibroblast & collagen fibers
b. Inner layer of myofibroblast - Myofibroblast
12
Q
[ TRUE or FALSE ]
- 90 to 95% of blood passing to the kidney is in the cortex
- 90 to 95% of blood passing to the kidney is in the medulla
A
- True
- False
• the medulla has 5 to 10% of the blood distribution
13
Q
- This is the converging point of the apex of renal pyramids
- This part is found in the cortex that arches over the renal pyramids.
- This portion consists of conical renal pyramids.
- This is located in between two renal pyramids.
- This structure will taper towards the renal capsule from the bases of the renal pyramid.
A
- Renal Sinus
- Cortical arches
- Medulla
- Renal columns
- Rays
14
Q
- This blood vessel is the main blood supply of the renal system
- This acts as a drainage of the renal system
- The blood from #1 comes from where?
- The blood from #2 proceeds to where?
A
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
- Aorta
- Inferior vena cava
15
Q
It is the basic functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
16
Q
The components of the renal corpuscle
A
Glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
17
Q
What structures are found the cortex?
A
Renal corpuscles & tubules
18
Q
What comprises the Medullary ray?
A
Straight tubules & collecting duct
19
Q
The region between the medullary rays
A
Cortical labyrinth
20
Q
What structures are found in the cortical labyrinth?
A
- Renal corpuscle
- tubules (convoluted tubule & connecting tubules)
21
Q
What is another term for nephron?
A
Uriniferous tubule
22
Q
The medulla is characterized by what structures?
A
- Straight tubules
- collecting ducts
- vasa recta
23
Q
What is the capillary network in the medulla?
A
Vasa recta
24
Q
What is the capillary network in the cortex?
A
Glomerulus
25
**Parts Of The Medulla**
1. It is the apical portion of each pyramid which projects into the minor calyx
2. These are structures that are usually present in 8 to 12 or may be as many as 18.
3. The top or tip of the papilla
4. It is a cup shaped structure that represents the extension of the renal pelvis
5. The major divisions of the renal pelvis
6. It is perforated by the openings of the collecting ducts.
1. Papilla
2. Pyramids
3. Area cribrosa
4. Minor calyx
5. Major calyx
6. Area cribrosa
26
**Renal Pyramid**
1. Each renal pyramid is divided into ___.
2. It is adjacent to the cortex
3. The stripe of the renal pyramid that is near the medulla.
4. The stripe of the renal pyramid that is closer to the cortex.
1. Outer medulla and Inner medulla
2. Outer medulla
3. Inner stripe
4. Outer stripe
27
This structure contains the same components as the cortical tissue but it is regarded as part of the medulla.
Renal columns
28
[ TRUE or FALSE ]
The number of lobes in a kidney is equivalent to the number of medullary rays
FALSE
Number of lobes = number of medullary**pyramids**
29
Medullary pyramid + cortical tissue
Lobe
30
It consists of a **central medullary rays, collecting ducts, all nephrons,** and the _surrounding cortical material_
Lobules
31
The fundamental, structural, and most basic functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
32
How many nephrons are there?
Approximately 2 million
33
**Glomerular Capillaries**
1. Supplied by what ARTERIOLE?
2. Drained by what ARTERIOLE?
1. Afferent arterioles
2. Efferent arteriole
34
The site where in the afferent and efferent arterials penetrate and exit from the parietal layer of the bowman's capsule
Vascular Pole
35
- opposite to the bowman's capsule
- where the proximal convoluted tubule begins
Urinary pole
36
Flow of the urine from the **renal corpuscle to the urethra**
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Urinary pole
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4. Descending and ascending limb of the hope of Henle
5. Distal convoluted tubule
6. Cortical collecting duct
7. medullary collecting duct
8. papilla
9. Minor calyx
10. major calyx
11. renal pelvis
12. ureter
13. urinary
14. bladder urethra
37
How are the tubules named?
According to ___?
- course they take (convoluted/straight)
- location (proximal/distal)
- wall thickness
38
What are the two types of nephrons?
- Subcapsular or cortical nephrons
- juxtamedullary nephrons
39
Differentiate SUBCAPSULAR/CORTICAL nephron from JUXTAMEDULLARY nephrons
Cortical nephron:
• renal corpuscle located at outer part of cortex
• short loop of henle
• hairpin turn occurs at the distal straight tubule
Juxtamedullary nephrons
• has long loop of henle
• has long ASCENDING THIN segments
• has more physiologic significance
40
Small projections that open into the minor calyx
Papillary duct
41
The area in the papilla that contains the opening of the papillary duct is called ___.
Area cribrosa
42
Match:
1. Cortical nephron
2. Juxtamedullary nephron
A. Vasa recta
B. Peritubular capillaries
1. B. Peritubular capillaries
2. A. Vasa recta
43
What vessel demarcates the boundary between the cortex and medulla?
Arcuate vessels
44
Arterial distribution (start: Renal Artery)
1. Renal artery
2. Segmental artery
3. Interlobar artery
4. Arcuate artery
5. Interlobar artery
6. Afferent arterioles
7. Glomerulus
8. Efferent arteriole
9. Peritubular capillaries / Vasa recta
10. Venous drainage
45
Venous drainage
1. Interlobar veins
2. Arcuate veins
3. Interlobar veins
4. Renal vein
5. Inferior vena cava
6. Heart
46
A coil of 8 capillary lobes and a non selective filter
Glomerulus
47
**Three Major Layers of Glomerular Capillary Membrane**
1. This layer has Foot processes
2. This layer is perforated by small holes
3. In #2, what are those holes called?
4. Foot processes are separated by gaps called ___?
5. A mesh work of collagen and proteoglycan fibrillae
6. This is the primary restriction point for plasma proteins
1. Epithelial cells
2. Endothelium
3. Fenestrae
4. Slit pores
5. Basement membrane
6. Basement membrane
48
Function of peritubular capillaries
For absorption of water, glucose, and molecules from the tubule cells
49
The region of the nephron where the distal convoluted tubule comes in contact with the afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
50
The juxtaglomerular apparatus includes what cells?
Macula Densa and juxtaglomerular cells
51
Juxtaglomerular Cells:
1. Secrete what substance?
2. The substance is secreted in response to what?
1. Renin
2. Hypoperfusion: dehydration, hypotension
52
1. Ultra filtration
2. Secretion of substances **from peritubular capillary blood** into _renal tubules_
3. Reabsorption of substances **from renal tubule** into _peritubular capillary blood_
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Secretion
3. Selective reabsorption
53
The Glomerular Filtration Rate of normal adults
125 mL/min
or
180 L/day
54
1. Glomerular Filtration rate
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. How much is excreted in the urine?
1. 180 L/day
2. 178.5 L/day
3. 1.5 L/day
